Forces in Rehabilitation: Difference between revisions
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It's important to note that not all forces induce or alter motion. For a change in position to occur, the applied force must exceed both the weight of the object and any frictional forces acting upon it. | It's important to note that not all forces induce or alter motion. For a change in position to occur, the applied force must exceed both the weight of the object and any frictional forces acting upon it. | ||
== Forces in Human Movement Analysis == | |||
how forces are analyzed and measured during human movement assessments in rehabilitation, including techniques such as | |||
* motion capture and | |||
* force plates | |||
== Applications of Forces in Therapeutic Interventions == | |||
how forces are utilized in different rehabilitation therapies and interventions, such as | |||
* [[Resistance Training|resistance training,]] | |||
* manual therapy, and | |||
* [[Therapeutic Exercises: A Medication for all Diseases|therapeutic exercises]]. | |||
== Impact of Forces on Tissue Healing and Injury Prevention == | |||
[[Healing|Wound healing]] is a complex biological process crucial for tissue repair and regeneration. However, excessive scarring poses a significant clinical challenge, impacting both patient outcomes and healthcare costs. Recent advancements in our understanding of mechanical forces in the wound environment have illuminated the intricate interplay between biomechanics and tissue healing. This article delves into the pivotal role of mechanical forces in cutaneous wound healing and explores emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at minimizing scar formation. | |||
'''Understanding the Impact of Mechanical Forces''':<ref name=":1">Barnes, L. A., Marshall, C. D., Leavitt, T., Hu, M. S., Moore, A. L., Gonzalez, J. G., Longaker, M. T., & Gurtner, G. C. (2018). Mechanical Forces in Cutaneous Wound Healing: Emerging Therapies to Minimize Scar Formation. Advances in Wound Care, 7(2). [[/doi.org/10.1089/wound.2016.0709|https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2016.0709]]</ref> | |||
Studies comparing fetal and adult wound healing reveal profound differences in the response to mechanical forces. Fetal wounds, characterized by lower resting stress levels, exhibit scarless healing, whereas adult wounds are prone to excessive scarring due to increased mechanical stresses in the wound environment. Mechanotransduction pathways play a central role in this process, with mechanical stimulation activating signaling cascades that promote fibrosis and scar formation. | |||
'''Targeting Mechanical Forces to Minimize Scarring:'''<ref name=":1" /> | |||
Therapeutic interventions focusing on modulating mechanical forces offer promising avenues for scar minimization. By reducing mechanical stresses in the wound environment, these strategies aim to mitigate the activation of mechanotransduction pathways associated with hypertrophic and keloid scar formation. Novel mechanotherapies, such as mechanical offloading and mechanomodulation, have emerged as potential interventions to achieve scar reduction and promote more favorable wound healing outcomes. | |||
== Types of forces on the body == | == Types of forces on the body == | ||
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* Forces are moving primarily in an approximating direction | * Forces are moving primarily in an approximating direction | ||
* Compression stimulates bone, cartilage, discogenic tissue, and often neurological tissue. | * Compression stimulates bone, cartilage, discogenic tissue, and often neurological tissue.<ref>Owan I, Burr DB, Turner CH, Qiu J, Tu Y, Onyia JE, Duncan RL. Mechanotransduction in bone: osteoblasts are more responsive to fluid forces than mechanical strain. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 1997 Sep 1;273(3):C810-5. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.3.C810.</ref> | ||
* When these tissues are overloaded, this leads to fractures, in some cases disc damage, or even nerve compression. | * When these tissues are overloaded, this leads to fractures, in some cases disc damage, or even nerve compression<ref>Adams MA. Mechanical influences in disc degeneration and prolapse: medico-legal relevance. Bone & Joint360. 2014;3(2):1-4.</ref>. | ||
* Examples: [[Stress Fractures|stress fracture]] of vertebrae, [[Disc Herniation|disc herniation]], [[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]], and [[Compartment Syndrome|compartment syndrome]]. Insufficient loading may lead to osteoporosis for example. | * Examples: [[Stress Fractures|stress fracture]] of vertebrae, [[Disc Herniation|disc herniation]], [[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]], and [[Compartment Syndrome|compartment syndrome]]. Insufficient loading may lead to osteoporosis for example.<ref>Claes L, Recknagel S, Ignatius A. Mechanobiology of Skeletal Regeneration. Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. 2012.</ref> | ||
=== Shear Force === | === [[Shear|Shear Force]] === | ||
* Forces are NOT moving in opposite or approximating directions exclusively. This is a COMBINATION of tension and compression. | * Forces are NOT moving in opposite or approximating directions exclusively. This is a COMBINATION of tension and compression. | ||
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== Resources == | == Resources == | ||
[[Category:Biomechanics]] | [[Category:Biomechanics]] | ||
Revision as of 20:05, 19 April 2024
Original Editor - Alicia Fernandes Top Contributors - Alicia Fernandes, Vidya Acharya, Olajumoke Ogunleye, Kim Jackson and Carina Therese Magtibay
Introduction[edit | edit source]
A force is a push or pull acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with another object.
Types of Force[edit | edit source]
- Internal Force: This type of force originates from actions occurring within the object itself. Examples include the contraction and relaxation of muscles, such as those involved in walking, and the pulling of muscles at their attachments to the human body.[1]
- External Force:External force is exerted on an object by an external agent. Examples include kicking a football, throwing a javelin, or pushing a rug. External force can be further classified into two categories:
- Contact Forces: These forces involve direct contact with the object and are required to change its position. Examples include pushing, pulling, tension, compression, hitting a tennis ball, or trapping a soccer ball.
- Non-contact Forces: Non-contact forces do not require physical contact with the object. Examples include magnetic forces, which attract metallic materials to a magnet, and gravitational forces, which attract objects to the Earth's surface or to each other. These forces, also known as force fields or attraction forces, influence human movement.[1]
It's important to note that not all forces induce or alter motion. For a change in position to occur, the applied force must exceed both the weight of the object and any frictional forces acting upon it.
Forces in Human Movement Analysis[edit | edit source]
how forces are analyzed and measured during human movement assessments in rehabilitation, including techniques such as
- motion capture and
- force plates
Applications of Forces in Therapeutic Interventions[edit | edit source]
how forces are utilized in different rehabilitation therapies and interventions, such as
- resistance training,
- manual therapy, and
- therapeutic exercises.
Impact of Forces on Tissue Healing and Injury Prevention[edit | edit source]
Wound healing is a complex biological process crucial for tissue repair and regeneration. However, excessive scarring poses a significant clinical challenge, impacting both patient outcomes and healthcare costs. Recent advancements in our understanding of mechanical forces in the wound environment have illuminated the intricate interplay between biomechanics and tissue healing. This article delves into the pivotal role of mechanical forces in cutaneous wound healing and explores emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at minimizing scar formation.
Understanding the Impact of Mechanical Forces:[2]
Studies comparing fetal and adult wound healing reveal profound differences in the response to mechanical forces. Fetal wounds, characterized by lower resting stress levels, exhibit scarless healing, whereas adult wounds are prone to excessive scarring due to increased mechanical stresses in the wound environment. Mechanotransduction pathways play a central role in this process, with mechanical stimulation activating signaling cascades that promote fibrosis and scar formation.
Targeting Mechanical Forces to Minimize Scarring:[2]
Therapeutic interventions focusing on modulating mechanical forces offer promising avenues for scar minimization. By reducing mechanical stresses in the wound environment, these strategies aim to mitigate the activation of mechanotransduction pathways associated with hypertrophic and keloid scar formation. Novel mechanotherapies, such as mechanical offloading and mechanomodulation, have emerged as potential interventions to achieve scar reduction and promote more favorable wound healing outcomes.
Types of forces on the body[edit | edit source]
Compression Force[edit | edit source]
- Forces are moving primarily in an approximating direction
- Compression stimulates bone, cartilage, discogenic tissue, and often neurological tissue.[3]
- When these tissues are overloaded, this leads to fractures, in some cases disc damage, or even nerve compression[4].
- Examples: stress fracture of vertebrae, disc herniation, cervical radiculopathy, and compartment syndrome. Insufficient loading may lead to osteoporosis for example.[5]
Shear Force[edit | edit source]
- Forces are NOT moving in opposite or approximating directions exclusively. This is a COMBINATION of tension and compression.
- When shear is the primary motion occuring, the body often lacks sufficient ways to attenuate this stress and may lead to degenerative changes over time or perhaps even acute tissue rupture.
- EXAMPLES: This is seen in ACL ruptures and spondylolisthesis.
Tension Force[edit | edit source]
- Forces are oriented primarily in opposite directions
- Tension stimulates muscle, tendon, ligament and in some cases neurological tissue.
- Overload with “tension” leads to sprains, strains and in some cases peripheral nerve injury.
- Examples: hamstring tear, patellar tendonopathy, brachial plexopathy, MCL tear. Insufficient loading leads to muscle atrophy, and weak ligaments and tendons for example.
Resources[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Federal University of Technology, Owerri, & Tropical Publishers Nigeria. (2016). Human biomechanics: Basic and applied. Federal University of Technology, Owerri and Tropical Publishers Nigeria.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Barnes, L. A., Marshall, C. D., Leavitt, T., Hu, M. S., Moore, A. L., Gonzalez, J. G., Longaker, M. T., & Gurtner, G. C. (2018). Mechanical Forces in Cutaneous Wound Healing: Emerging Therapies to Minimize Scar Formation. Advances in Wound Care, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2016.0709
- ↑ Owan I, Burr DB, Turner CH, Qiu J, Tu Y, Onyia JE, Duncan RL. Mechanotransduction in bone: osteoblasts are more responsive to fluid forces than mechanical strain. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 1997 Sep 1;273(3):C810-5. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.3.C810.
- ↑ Adams MA. Mechanical influences in disc degeneration and prolapse: medico-legal relevance. Bone & Joint360. 2014;3(2):1-4.
- ↑ Claes L, Recknagel S, Ignatius A. Mechanobiology of Skeletal Regeneration. Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. 2012.
