Foot and Ankle Structure and Function: Difference between revisions

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====== Tarsometatarsal (TMT) Joint complex  ======
====== Tarsometatarsal (TMT) Joint complex  ======


Also known as Lisfranc’s joint. The distal tarsal rows including three cuneiform bones and cuboid articulate with base of metatarsals to form TMT complex. It is S-shaped joint and divided into 3 distinct columns<ref name="11">Peicha G, Labovitz J, Seibert FJ, Grechenig W, Weiglein A, Preidler KW, Quehenberger F. The anatomy of the joint as a risk factor for Lisfranc dislocation and fracture-dislocation AN ANATOMICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL CASE CONTROL STUDY. Journal of Bone &amp; Joint Surgery, British Volume. 2002 Sep 1;84(7):981-5</ref>. <br>Medial – composed of 1st Metatarsal and medial Cuneiform. <br>Middle – composed of 2nd and 3rd Metatarsal and intermediate and lateral Cuneiform respectively. <br>Lateral – composed of 4th and 5th Metatarsal and Cuboid. It also divides the midfoot from forefoot.  
Also known as Lisfranc’s joint. The distal tarsal rows including three cuneiform bones and cuboid articulate with base of metatarsals to form TMT complex. It is S-shaped joint and divided into 3 distinct columns<ref name="11">Peicha G, Labovitz J, Seibert FJ, Grechenig W, Weiglein A, Preidler KW, Quehenberger F. The anatomy of the joint as a risk factor for Lisfranc dislocation and fracture-dislocation AN ANATOMICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL CASE CONTROL STUDY. Journal of Bone &amp;amp; Joint Surgery, British Volume. 2002 Sep 1;84(7):981-5</ref>. <br>Medial – composed of 1st Metatarsal and medial Cuneiform. <br>Middle – composed of 2nd and 3rd Metatarsal and intermediate and lateral Cuneiform respectively. <br>Lateral – composed of 4th and 5th Metatarsal and Cuboid. It also divides the midfoot from forefoot.  


====== Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints and Interphalangeal (IP) joints  ======
====== Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints and Interphalangeal (IP) joints  ======


MTP Joints are formed between metatarsal heads and corresponding base of proximal phalanx. Interphalangeal joints of the toes are formed between the phalanges of the toes. Each toe has proximal and distal IP joints except for the great toe which only has one IP joint. <br>
MTP Joints are formed between metatarsal heads and corresponding base of proximal phalanx. Interphalangeal joints of the toes are formed between the phalanges of the toes. Each toe has proximal and distal IP joints except for the great toe which only has one IP joint. <br>  
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
|-
! scope="col" | Joints
! scope="col" | Type of Joints
! scope="col" | Plane of movement
! scope="col" | Motion
|-
| TC joint
| Hinge joint
| Sagittal plane
| Dorsiflesxion &amp; Plantarflexion
|-
| ST joint
| Condyloid joint
|
Mainly transverse plane<br>
 
Some sagittal plane
 
|
Inversion &amp; Eversion
 
Dorsiflexion &amp; Plantarflexion
 
|-
| MT joint
|
TN joint - Ball &amp; Socket joint
 
CC joint - modified saddle joint
 
|
Largely in transverse plane
 
Some sagittal plane
 
|
Inversion &amp; Eversion
 
Flexion &amp; Extension
 
|-
| TMT joint
| Plane joint
|
|
|-
| MTP joint
| Condyloid joint
|
Sagittal plane
 
Some Transverse plane
 
|
Flexion &amp; Extension
 
Abduction &amp; Adduction
 
|-
| IP joint
| Hinge joint
| Sagittal plane
| Flexion &amp; Extension
|}


= '''Kinematics'''  =
= '''Kinematics'''  =

Revision as of 04:48, 1 May 2016

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Anatomy[edit | edit source]

Foot & Ankle

Foot & ankle form a complex system which consists of 26 bones, 33 joints and more than 100 muscles, tendons and ligaments. It functions as a rigid structure for weight bearing and it can also function as a flexible structure to conform the uneven terrain. Foot and ankle provide various important functions which may include: support of body’s weight, providing balance, acts as a shock absorption, is the first contact to ground and transfer point for ground reaction force, compensates for proximal malalignment and may also substitute hand function in individuals with upper extremity amputations and paralysisCite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name cannot be a simple integer. Use a descriptive title. Foot is subdivided into rearfoot, midfoot and forefoot.

Talocrural (TC) joint[edit | edit source]

It is commonly known as ankle joint. Talocrural joint is formed between Tibia-fibula and Talus. Distal and inferior aspect of tibia – known as plafond – is connected to fibula via tibiofibular ligaments forming a strong mortise which articulates with the talar dome distally. Type of joint – hinge joint. Movements allowed – in sagittal plane, dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

Subtalar (ST) joint
Subtalar Joint
[edit | edit source]

It is also known as talocalcaneal joint and is formed between talus and calcaneus. Three facets of talus - anterior, middle and posterior facets, articulates inferiorly with calcaneus.

Midtarsal (MT) joint[edit | edit source]

Also known as transverse tarsal joints or Chopart’s joint. It is S-shaped joint when viewed from above, and it consists of two joints – Talonavicular joint and Calcaneocuboid joint.

  1. Talonavicular (TN) JointIt is formed between anterior talar head and concavity on navicular bone. It does not have its own capsule and is the same one as of two anterior talocalcaneal articulations.
  2. Chopart's Joint
    Calcaneocuboid (CC) Joint – It is formed between anterior facet of calcaneus and posterior cuboid. Both articulating surface present convex and concave surface, with joint being convex vertically and concave transversely. Very little movement occur between joint segments.
Tarsometatarsal (TMT) Joint complex[edit | edit source]

Also known as Lisfranc’s joint. The distal tarsal rows including three cuneiform bones and cuboid articulate with base of metatarsals to form TMT complex. It is S-shaped joint and divided into 3 distinct columnsCite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name cannot be a simple integer. Use a descriptive title.
Medial – composed of 1st Metatarsal and medial Cuneiform.
Middle – composed of 2nd and 3rd Metatarsal and intermediate and lateral Cuneiform respectively.
Lateral – composed of 4th and 5th Metatarsal and Cuboid. It also divides the midfoot from forefoot.

Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints and Interphalangeal (IP) joints[edit | edit source]

MTP Joints are formed between metatarsal heads and corresponding base of proximal phalanx. Interphalangeal joints of the toes are formed between the phalanges of the toes. Each toe has proximal and distal IP joints except for the great toe which only has one IP joint.


Joints Type of Joints Plane of movement Motion
TC joint Hinge joint Sagittal plane Dorsiflesxion & Plantarflexion
ST joint Condyloid joint

Mainly transverse plane

Some sagittal plane

Inversion & Eversion

Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion

MT joint

TN joint - Ball & Socket joint

CC joint - modified saddle joint

Largely in transverse plane

Some sagittal plane

Inversion & Eversion

Flexion & Extension

TMT joint Plane joint
MTP joint Condyloid joint

Sagittal plane

Some Transverse plane

Flexion & Extension

Abduction & Adduction

IP joint Hinge joint Sagittal plane Flexion & Extension

Kinematics[edit | edit source]

Arthrokinematics[edit | edit source]

Influence on Kinetic Chain[edit | edit source]

Arches of Foot[edit | edit source]

Clinical Biomechanical Evaluation[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]
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