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...rity of these fractures occur without spinal cord injury. 20 to 40% of the fractures are associated with neurological injuries. ...ury. 2009 Feb 1;40(2):166-72.</ref> Minor trauma can also cause a thoracic spine fracture in individuals who have a condition associated with loss of bone m

The [[Thoracic Anatomy|Thoracic Spine]] has a complex and often overlooked role within the body. It is a key area * Should be assessed and treated as a functional unit including not only the spine but the [[Ribs|rib]] cage.

...ringer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2474-10-39 Pain in the lumbar, thoracic or cervical regions: do age and gender matter? A population-based study of 34,902 Danis ...ditional information on thoracic spine musculature is available [[Thoracic Spine Major Muscles|here]].

===Clear the Cervical Spine=== ...r pain to the shoulder/scapular region. It is imperative that the cervical spine be screened appropriately as it may be contributing to the patient’s clin

* Osteochondral Fractures of the capitellum * Fractures of the Radial Head

...ontains much of the information needed to rule out red flags and guide the cervical examination. ...ask if they have pain or symptoms in other regions such as their thoracic spine or shoulder.

...vical Anatomy|cervical]], thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as Typical lumbar vertebrae have several features distinct from those typical of cervical or thoracic vertebrae.<ref name=":0" />

...part of the ventral ramus of the 1st thoracic nerve. Branches from the 4th cervical and the 2nd thoracic ventral ramus may contribute. <ref name=":9" /> ...achial nerve.<ref name="Stanley">Hoppenfeld S. Physical Examination of the Spine and Extremities. CTI Reviews 2014.</ref>

...Cervical osteoarthritis can also be referred to as [[Cervical Spondylosis|cervical spondylosis]].<br> ...MRI of the Cervical Spine showing degenerative changes.jpg|center|Cervical spine MRI showing degenerative disc disease, osteophytes, and osteoarthritis of C

...etching (neuropraxia,), tearing (called “avulsion” when the tear is at the spine, and “rupture” when it is not), or scarring (neuroma) of the brachial p # Avulsion, in which the nerve is severed from the spine.

...ignificance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries]. spine. 1983 Nov 1;8(8):817-31.</ref> ...ma focused on the middle column was sufficient to cause instability in the spine. The instability was further categorized into three types:

...ruk et al. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of cervical osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Rheumato ...joints: analysis of the management of 108 cases, journal of neurosurgery: spine, Jun 2010 / Vol. 12 / No. 6 / Pages 592-601 (level of evidence 2B)</ref><re

...tlanto-occipital joint|atlanto-occipital]] and [[Atlanto-axial joint|upper cervical joints]] and perceived in one or more regions of the head and/or face.<ref ...headache type that is hypothesized to originate due to nociception in the cervical area. <ref name="IHS">Headache Classification Subcommittee of the Internati

When assessing the strength of the cervical spine and upper limb muscles, clinicians should consider various factors that can ...isorder, is linked to a heightened risk of adverse outcomes such as falls, fractures, physical disability, and mortality<ref>Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J,

...e [[Facet Joints|facet joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. * 55% of facet syndrome cases occur in [[Cervical Vertebrae|cervical vertebrae]], and 31% in [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar]].<ref name="p4">Varlotta

...is. <ref name=":1">Binder AI. [https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39127.608299.80 Cervical spondylosis and neck pain.] BMJ. 2007 Mar 8;334(7592):527-31.</ref> Common ...neck pain in Australian office workers: a 1-year longitudinal study.] Eur Spine J. 2009 Oct;18(10):1532-40.</ref>

...rare, benign osteoblastic (bone) tumor that most commonly develops in the spine, sacrum, long bones, and flat bones. Benign tumors do not spread to various *Scoliosis of the spine<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" />

...orrelation between postural dysfunction of the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] and TMD. There are numerous other conditions that can cause [[Pain Mechan ==== '''2. Cervical Postural Disorders ''' ====

* Non-healing fractures<ref name=":0" /> * Always examine the spine (referred pain commonly goes undiagnosed)<ref name=":0" />

*upper thoracic spine mobility stretch ** decreased cervical lordosis