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...ds to be more common in the elderly. Literature suggests repetitive lumbar spinal movements in the sagittal plane predispose injury of the posterior elements ...at an increased risk of developing “kissing spine disease” due to repeated spinal extension and flexion movement.<ref name=":5" />

== Spinal Stability == [[Image:Figuur panjabi.jpg|alt=|right|frameless|599x599px]]Spinal stability can be related to one, two or three “sub-systems” that greatl

...connective tissue<ref>1. Carrino JA, Campbell PD, Lin DC et-al. Effect of Spinal Segment Variants on Numbering Vertebral Levels at Lumbar MR Imaging. Radiol ...is area, fairly common among certain athletes due to the amount of frantic spinal motion involved in many sports, can develop into [[Sacroiliac Joint Syndrom

...ific condition, but rather a description of a problem in which one or more spinal nerves are affected.<sup><ref name="p1">Igor Stiler. Pf-NCS Testing For Ear ...ractical value of the H reflex in certain neurologic disorders. Neurologic examination exploits the muscle stretch reflex to measure motor neuron excitability in

...ical condition affecting the bundle of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord. The CE provides innervation to the lower limbs, and sphincter,control ...CES is a prolapse of a lumbar disc but other conditions such as metastatic spinal cord compression can also cause CES<ref name=":0" />.

...athletes and their safety<ref>Myers A, Sickles T. Preparticipation sports examination. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 1998 Mar 1;25(1):225-36. ...0" /><ref name=":1">Pedraza J, Jardeleza JA. The preparticipation physical examination. Primary care. 2013 Sep 21;40(4):791-9.

...ures they pass. This test looks to reproduce these symptoms by placing the spinal cord on tension via cervical flexion.<ref>The student physical therapist. [ ...al aggravation of symptoms will be very rare if a comprehensive subjective examination was taken and the physiotherapist is able to link this information with a k

...cular pain is mostly secondary to posterolateral herniations that compress spinal nerves as they exit through the intervertebral foramen. Radicular pain will ...ow. This is particularly more severe in the thoracic spinal cord since the spinal canal in this region is smaller compared to the cervical and lumbar region.

...7 vertebrae, the lumbar spine has 5 vertebrae and other other bones of the spinal column are the sacrum and coccyx which both consist of fused vertebrae. * Spinal canal dimensions: varies from T1 to T12<ref name=":2">Othrobullets [https:/

[[File:Spinal cord.jpg|alt=|right|frameless|374x374px]][[Spinal cord anatomy|Spinal cord]] injury (SCI) results in the loss of a [[muscle]]'s ability to genera == History of Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation ==

...es/PMC5315261/ Relationship between body positioning, muscle activity, and spinal kinematics in cyclists with and without low back pain: a systematic review. [[File:Lumbar Extension.JPG|right|frameless|268x268px]]This examination would look at posture, bony alignment, muscle length, strength and synergis

...functional definition is that FBSS results when the outcome of the lumbar spinal surgery does not meet the pre-surgical expectations of the patient and surg ...) at a non-surgical site <br>• [[Facet Arthrosis|Facet arthrosis]] <br>• [[Spinal Stenosis]] <br>• [[Spondylolysis]] with or without [[Spondylolisthesis]]<

...eficit related to the spinal cord. It is usually due to compression of the spinal cord by osteophyte or extruded disc material. It is most commonly localized ...athy depends on the neurological localization in the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]], rather than the [[Brain: Developmental Divisions|brain]] or periphe

...ral joints are innervated by the lateral branches of the posterior rami of spinal nerves C8-T11. * Each joint receives the fibers from a spinal nerve of its numerically equivalent level and from the level above.<ref nam

The Cervical Nerves are spinal nerves originating from the cervical vertebra<ref>Joshua W, Vamsi R, Bruno ...e=":0" /><ref>Joshua C, Shane K, Jonathan S. Netter's Orthopaedic Clinical Examination. USA: Elsevier, 2015.</ref>

...tures can also refer pain to the lumbar spine - i.e. [[Spinal Masqueraders|spinal masqueraders]]<ref>Walcott B, Coumans J, Kahle K. Diagnostic pitfalls in sp There are also a number of red flags to check for when assessing spinal pain, including:<ref>Finucane L. An Introduction to Red Flags in Serious Pa

...re categorized according to general presentation, findings from a physical examination, impairments, and functional limitations, and are grouped into one of sever ...meet in order to be placed into a specific treatment group. A CPR for the spinal stabilization treatment category <ref name="Hicks" /> is provided below and

...d facet syndrome. It Encompasses numerous associated pathologies including spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, osteoarthritis, ageing, trauma an ...ior vertebral osteophytes are less common and only rarely impinge upon the spinal cord or nerve roots.<ref>Cherubino P, Pazzaglia UE, Grassi FA, Borromeo U.

...ion interventions. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Harvey L. Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008 ...verall neurological status. <ref name=":1" /><ref>McDonald JW, Sadowsky C. Spinal Cord Injury. The Lancet. 2002 Feb 2;359(9304):417-25.</ref><ref name=":2">W

The recovery or improvement of ambulation after a Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is an important goal because people who can walk independ The ability to walk after a Spinal cord injury (SCI) depends on many factors including: