Multiple Body System Analysis Across the Lifespan: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
Changes in the body's cells, tissues, and organs occur across the lifespan, and | Changes in the body's cells, tissues, and organs occur across the lifespan, and they affect the functioning of all body systems. These changes include both functions and appearance. People age differently, and healthcare providers must be able to recognise these differences. This article offers multi-system characteristics, impairments, and interventions for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. | ||
== Musculoskeletal System == | == Musculoskeletal System == | ||
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* A 1-minute sit-to-stand (1MSTST) test to quantify exercise capacity measures how many times per minute an individual can stand up and sit on a chair standardised for height.). In ages 5-16, the median number of repetitions is 51-65 <ref>Haile SR, Fühner T, Granacher U, Stocker J, Radtke T, Kriemler S. [https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/11/5/e049143.full.pdf Reference values and validation of the 1-minute sit-to-stand test in healthy 5-16-year-old youth: a cross-sectional study.] BMJ Open. 2021 May 7;11(5):e049143. </ref> | * A 1-minute sit-to-stand (1MSTST) test to quantify exercise capacity measures how many times per minute an individual can stand up and sit on a chair standardised for height.). In ages 5-16, the median number of repetitions is 51-65 <ref>Haile SR, Fühner T, Granacher U, Stocker J, Radtke T, Kriemler S. [https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/11/5/e049143.full.pdf Reference values and validation of the 1-minute sit-to-stand test in healthy 5-16-year-old youth: a cross-sectional study.] BMJ Open. 2021 May 7;11(5):e049143. </ref> | ||
* The Stair Climbing Tests (SCTs) reflect coordination ability.<ref name=":0">Schorling DC, Rawer R, Kuhlmann I, Müller C, Pechmann A, Kirschner J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9976186/pdf/JMNI-23-004.pdf Mechanographic analysis of the timed 4 stair climb test - methodology and reference data of healthy children and adolescents]. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2023 Mar 1;23(1):4-25.</ref> The literature describes it in many ways. In one protocol, participants stood with both feet on the lower plateau of the | * The Stair Climbing Tests (SCTs) reflect coordination ability.<ref name=":0">Schorling DC, Rawer R, Kuhlmann I, Müller C, Pechmann A, Kirschner J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9976186/pdf/JMNI-23-004.pdf Mechanographic analysis of the timed 4 stair climb test - methodology and reference data of healthy children and adolescents]. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2023 Mar 1;23(1):4-25.</ref> The literature describes it in many ways. In one protocol, participants stood with both feet on the lower plateau of the stairwell. The instructions included the following:<ref name=":0" /> | ||
** Climb the four stairs as quickly as possible without running | ** Climb the four stairs as quickly as possible without running | ||
** Stand still on the upper plateau | ** Stand still on the upper plateau | ||
** Use the handrail if necessary. | ** Use the handrail if necessary. | ||
*The step-down manoeuvre is performed accordingly. | |||
|1MMSTST: ranges from 8.1(patient with stroke), 24 (advanced lung disease)<ref>Watson K, Winship P, Cavalheri V, Vicary C, Stray S, Bear N, Hill K. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1836955323000024?ref=pdf_download&fr=RR-2&rr=86918d3c592035b8 In adults with advanced lung disease, the 1-minute sit-to-stand test underestimates exertional desaturation compared with the 6-minute walk test: an observational study]. J Physiother. 2023 Apr;69(2):108-113. </ref> to 50 (healthy male adult)<ref>Bohannon RW, Crouch R. 1-Minute Sit-to-Stand Test: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PROCEDURES, PERFORMANCE, AND CLINIMETRIC PROPERTIES. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2019 Jan;39(1):2-8.</ref> | |1MMSTST: ranges from 8.1(patient with stroke), 24 (advanced lung disease)<ref>Watson K, Winship P, Cavalheri V, Vicary C, Stray S, Bear N, Hill K. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1836955323000024?ref=pdf_download&fr=RR-2&rr=86918d3c592035b8 In adults with advanced lung disease, the 1-minute sit-to-stand test underestimates exertional desaturation compared with the 6-minute walk test: an observational study]. J Physiother. 2023 Apr;69(2):108-113. </ref> to 50 (healthy male adult)<ref>Bohannon RW, Crouch R. 1-Minute Sit-to-Stand Test: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PROCEDURES, PERFORMANCE, AND CLINIMETRIC PROPERTIES. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2019 Jan;39(1):2-8.</ref> | ||
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* Difficulty in climbing stairs has been reported as a marker of functional decline that can lead to loss of independence | * Difficulty in climbing stairs has been reported as a marker of functional decline that can lead to loss of independence | ||
* Older adults often report difficulty with stair climbing, and it is reported as one of the top five most difficult tasks to perform. <ref>Gagliano-Jucá T, Li Z, Pencina KM, Traustadóttir T, Travison TG, Woodhouse L, Basaria S, Tsitouras PD, Harman SM, Bhasin S, Storer TW. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7984416/pdf/gerona_75_6_1167.pdf The Stair Climb Power Test as an Efficacy Outcome in Randomized Trials of Function Promoting Therapies in Older Men.] J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 May 22;75(6):1167-1175. </ref> | * Older adults often report difficulty with stair climbing, and it is reported as one of the top five most difficult tasks to perform. <ref>Gagliano-Jucá T, Li Z, Pencina KM, Traustadóttir T, Travison TG, Woodhouse L, Basaria S, Tsitouras PD, Harman SM, Bhasin S, Storer TW. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7984416/pdf/gerona_75_6_1167.pdf The Stair Climb Power Test as an Efficacy Outcome in Randomized Trials of Function Promoting Therapies in Older Men.] J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 May 22;75(6):1167-1175. </ref> | ||
* Ability to climb stairs can help to assess hip and knee strength and stability <ref name=":4">Kapoor E. Multiple Body System Analysis Across the Lifespan. Plus course 2024</ref> | * Ability to climb stairs can help to assess hip and knee strength and stability. <ref name=":4">Kapoor E. Multiple Body System Analysis Across the Lifespan. Plus course 2024</ref> | ||
* "The use of stair-climbing speed as an assessment tool should include both stair ascent and descent because differences in these speeds seem to be indicators of stair-climbing ability".<ref>Brodowski H, Andres N, Gumny M, Eicher C, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Tannen A, Kiselev J.[[/www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/ijtr.2020.0137|Reliability of stair-climbing speed in two cohorts of older adults.]]International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2021; 28(11):1-15. </ref> | * "The use of stair-climbing speed as an assessment tool should include both stair ascent and descent because differences in these speeds seem to be indicators of stair-climbing ability".<ref>Brodowski H, Andres N, Gumny M, Eicher C, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Tannen A, Kiselev J.[[/www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/ijtr.2020.0137|Reliability of stair-climbing speed in two cohorts of older adults.]]International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2021; 28(11):1-15. </ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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* From 1-1/2" to 4" | * From 1-1/2" to 4" | ||
* Become larger as the measurement moves lower on the chest wall | * Become larger as the measurement moves lower on the chest wall | ||
* | * Variable due to chest size | ||
'''Spinal mobility:''' | '''Spinal mobility:''' | ||
* Assessing over-lengthened vs tight muscle | * Assessing over-lengthened vs tight muscle. | ||
* Lumbar spine mobility is greater in children than in adults | * Lumbar spine mobility is greater in children than in adults. | ||
* Caution must be applied during visual estimation of spine position as | * Caution must be applied during visual estimation of spine position as intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of visual assessment is poor. <ref name=":3">Kondratek M, Krauss J, Stiller C, Olson R. [https://journals.lww.com/pedpt/fulltext/2007/01930/normative_values_for_active_lumbar_range_of_motion.9.aspx Normative values for active lumbar range of motion in children.] Pediatr Phys Ther. 2007 Fall;19(3):236-44.</ref> | ||
* Muscle weakness, abnormal positioning, and abnormal movement patterns may lead to abnormal spinal mobility. <ref name=":3" /> | * Muscle weakness, abnormal positioning, and abnormal movement patterns may lead to abnormal spinal mobility. <ref name=":3" /> | ||
|'''Chest wall mobility:''' | |'''Chest wall mobility:''' | ||
* Chest wall mobility measurement for '''tidal volume excursion''' is the same as for children | * Chest wall mobility measurement for '''tidal volume excursion''' is the same as for children age 3 and above. | ||
* Chest wall measurement for '''vital capacity''' is the same as for children | * Chest wall measurement for '''vital capacity''' is the same as for children age 3 and above. | ||
'''Spinal mobility:''' | '''Spinal mobility:''' | ||
Measurement in the standing position using the inclinometer technique:<ref>Waddell G, Somerville D, Henderson I, Newton M. Objective clinical evaluation of physical impairment in chronic low back pain. Spine 1992;17:617–28.</ref> | Measurement in the standing position using the inclinometer technique:<ref>Waddell G, Somerville D, Henderson I, Newton M. Objective clinical evaluation of physical impairment in chronic low back pain. Spine 1992;17:617–28.</ref> | ||
* ''Lumbar flexion:'' the difference between thoracolumbar flexion and pelvic flexion | * ''Lumbar flexion:'' the difference between thoracolumbar flexion and pelvic flexion. | ||
* ''Lumbar extension:'' arching the trunk backwards. | * ''Lumbar extension:'' arching the trunk backwards. | ||
* ''Right and left side-bending'': a composite value of average side-bending. | * ''Right and left side-bending'': a composite value of average side-bending. | ||
|'''Chest wall mobility:''' | |'''Chest wall mobility:''' | ||
* Chest wall mobility measurement for '''tidal volume excursion''' is the same as for children | * Chest wall mobility measurement for '''tidal volume excursion''' is the same as for children age 3 and above. | ||
* Chest wall measurement for '''vital capacity''' is the same as for children | * Chest wall measurement for '''vital capacity''' is the same as for children age 3 and above. | ||
'''Spinal mobility:''' | '''Spinal mobility:''' | ||
Measurement as for adults. | Measurement as for adults. | ||
* Lumbar extension | * Lumbar extension has the greatest decrease in ROM with age due to abdominal and back muscle weakness, tightness of the hamstrings or a person's fear of losing balance during testing. <ref>Saidu IA, Maduagwu SM, Abbas AD, Adetunji OO, Jajere AM. Lumbar spinal mobility changes among adults with advancing age. J Midlife Health. 2011 Jul;2(2):65-71. </ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Pain | |Pain | ||
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== Neurological System == | == Neurological System == | ||
<blockquote>"Neurons that fire together, wire together."<ref name=":4" />--Eena Kapoor</blockquote><blockquote>"Each time we practise that certain type of movement or certain type of action, we | <blockquote>"Neurons that fire together, wire together."<ref name=":4" />--Eena Kapoor</blockquote><blockquote>"Each time we practise that certain type of movement or certain type of action, we are laying down those pathways in our brain."<ref name=":4" />--Eena Kapoor </blockquote>Components of the neurological system examination include : | ||
* Proprioception | * Proprioception | ||
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|Vestibular system | |Vestibular system | ||
| | | | ||
* '''"Static balance''' | * '''"Static balance''' takes place when the center of gravity is maintained vertically above the base, without changing the base lengthwise."<ref name=":19">Yanovich E, Bar-Shalom S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9319221/pdf/children-09-00939.pdf Static and Dynamic Balance Indices among Kindergarten Children: A Short-Term Intervention Program during COVID-19 Lockdowns.] Children (Basel). 2022 Jun 22;9(7):939.</ref> | ||
* Static balance develops before the 3rd year of age. | * Static balance develops before the 3rd year of age. | ||
* Static balance tests include a ''flamingo test, a one-leg stance on a low beam, or a tandem stance on the force plate''. | * Static balance tests include a ''flamingo test, a one-leg stance on a low beam, or a tandem stance on the force plate''. | ||
* '''Dynamic balance''' is defined as | * '''Dynamic balance''' is defined as "ability to maintain the center of gravity above the base during movement, with the body exiting the center of gravity."<ref name=":19" /> | ||
* Dynamic balance develops between the 3rd and 7th years. | * Dynamic balance develops between the 3rd and 7th years. | ||
* Dynamic balance tests include ''low-beam walking test.'' | * Dynamic balance tests include ''low-beam walking test.'' | ||
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| | | | ||
*Prune belly syndrome (PBS) is associated with laxity of the abdominal wall musculature. Children with PBS often experience gastrointestinal complications due to the inability to generate adequate intra-abdominal pressure.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Arlen AM, Nawaf C, Kirsch AJ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6689549/pdf/phmt-10-75.pdf Prune belly syndrome: current perspectives]. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2019 Aug 6;10:75-81.</ref> | *Prune belly syndrome (PBS) is associated with laxity of the abdominal wall musculature. Children with PBS often experience gastrointestinal complications due to the inability to generate adequate intra-abdominal pressure.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Arlen AM, Nawaf C, Kirsch AJ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6689549/pdf/phmt-10-75.pdf Prune belly syndrome: current perspectives]. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2019 Aug 6;10:75-81.</ref> | ||
* Hypotonic trunk in children with cerebral palsy affects their ability to maintain appropriate level of intra-abdominal pressure. It is a main factor in the development of digestive issues, including upset stomach, vomiting, bloating, and constipation.<ref>Cerebral Palsy Digestive Issues and Health. Available from https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/associated-disorders/digestive-issues-and-health/ [last access 24.03.2024]</ref> | * Hypotonic trunk in children with cerebral palsy affects their ability to maintain an appropriate level of intra-abdominal pressure. It is a main factor in the development of digestive issues, including upset stomach, vomiting, bloating, and constipation.<ref>Cerebral Palsy Digestive Issues and Health. Available from https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/associated-disorders/digestive-issues-and-health/ [last access 24.03.2024]</ref> | ||
* Pes excavatum is caused by tendon of the diaphragm pulling down without adequate strength of the abdominals and the intercostals to stabilise the rib cage and counteract that pull of the central tendon. The chest wall is caving creating | * Pes excavatum is caused by the tendon of the diaphragm pulling down without adequate strength of the abdominals and the intercostals to stabilise the rib cage and counteract that pull of the central tendon. The chest wall is caving, creating pes excavatum. This may be one of the risk factors for constipation. The therapy goal is to strengthen the core and provide the counter-resistance for this central tendon pull so that the child can generate the amount of pressure needed. An increase in the intra-abdominal pressure can help with constipation.<ref name=":4" /> | ||
| | | | ||
*Strength training in healthy males focusing on improving strength of the trunk rotators, improves the ability to generate higher levels of voluntarily induced intra-abdominal pressure and increases the rate of intra-abdominal pressure development during functional situations.<ref>Cresswell AG, Blake PL, Thorstensson A. The effect of an abdominal muscle training program on intra-abdominal pressure. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1994 Jun;26(2):79-86.</ref> | *Strength training in healthy males focusing on improving strength of the trunk rotators, improves the ability to generate higher levels of voluntarily induced intra-abdominal pressure and increases the rate of intra-abdominal pressure development during functional situations.<ref>Cresswell AG, Blake PL, Thorstensson A. The effect of an abdominal muscle training program on intra-abdominal pressure. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1994 Jun;26(2):79-86.</ref> | ||
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|Sleep Quality | |Sleep Quality | ||
| | | | ||
* Sleep duration, continuity, quality, and daytime sleepiness are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in young people | * Sleep duration, continuity, quality, and daytime sleepiness are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in young people. | ||
* General standards for optimal sleep should consider the individual's “needs” based on their diet, activity pattern, environment, and genetic makeup.<ref>Matthews KA, Pantesco EJ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689674/pdf/nihms705296.pdf Sleep characteristics and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents: an enumerative review.] Sleep Med. 2016 Feb;18:36-49.</ref> | * General standards for optimal sleep should consider the individual's “needs” based on their diet, activity pattern, environment, and genetic makeup.<ref>Matthews KA, Pantesco EJ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689674/pdf/nihms705296.pdf Sleep characteristics and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents: an enumerative review.] Sleep Med. 2016 Feb;18:36-49.</ref> | ||
* "Short sleep duration and poor sleep quality in children have been associated with concentration, problem behaviour, and emotional instability."<ref>Michels N, Clays E, De Buyzere M, Vanaelst B, De Henauw S, Sioen I. [https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/36/12/1939/2709419 Children's sleep and autonomic function: low sleep quality has an impact on heart rate variability.] Sleep. 2013 Dec 1;36(12):1939-46. </ref> | * "Short sleep duration and poor sleep quality in children have been associated with concentration, problem behaviour, and emotional instability."<ref>Michels N, Clays E, De Buyzere M, Vanaelst B, De Henauw S, Sioen I. [https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/36/12/1939/2709419 Children's sleep and autonomic function: low sleep quality has an impact on heart rate variability.] Sleep. 2013 Dec 1;36(12):1939-46. </ref> | ||
* A shorter sleep duration of less than 5 hours has been associated with either an increased risk of hypertension or actual hypertension. | * A shorter sleep duration of less than 5 hours has been associated with either an increased risk of hypertension or actual hypertension. | ||
* Recommended hours of sleep to support optimal health:<ref>Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D'Ambrosio C, Hall WA, Kotagal S, Lloyd RM, Malow BA, Maski K, Nichols C, Quan SF, Rosen CL, Troester MM, Wise MS. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5078711/pdf/jcsm.12.11.1549.pdf Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for Healthy Children: Methodology and Discussion.] J Clin Sleep Med. 2016 Nov 15;12(11):1549-1561</ref> | * Recommended hours of sleep to support optimal health are as follows:<ref>Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D'Ambrosio C, Hall WA, Kotagal S, Lloyd RM, Malow BA, Maski K, Nichols C, Quan SF, Rosen CL, Troester MM, Wise MS. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5078711/pdf/jcsm.12.11.1549.pdf Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for Healthy Children: Methodology and Discussion.] J Clin Sleep Med. 2016 Nov 15;12(11):1549-1561</ref> | ||
** Infants: 12 to 16 hours | ** Infants: 12 to 16 hours | ||
** Children between 1-2 y.o: 11 to 14 hours | ** Children between 1-2 y.o: 11 to 14 hours | ||
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# Prevention and promotion of health, including mental health | # Prevention and promotion of health, including mental health | ||
# | # Education about mental health | ||
# | # Referral to specialists in mental health when necessary | ||
# | # Providing person-centred approach for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults to enhance physical and emotional well-being through improving posture, respiration and concentration. | ||
#* The following low-impact activities are recommended for all patients: | #* The following low-impact activities are recommended for all patients: | ||
#** [[Yoga]] (mind-body therapy) | #** [[Yoga]] (mind-body therapy) |
Revision as of 21:05, 27 March 2024
Original Editor - Ewa Jaraczewska based on the course by Eena Kapoor
Top Contributors - Ewa Jaraczewska, Jess Bell and Kim Jackson
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Changes in the body's cells, tissues, and organs occur across the lifespan, and they affect the functioning of all body systems. These changes include both functions and appearance. People age differently, and healthcare providers must be able to recognise these differences. This article offers multi-system characteristics, impairments, and interventions for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults.
Musculoskeletal System[edit | edit source]
The functional capacity of the musculoskeletal system should be assessed within the context of school, play, work, daily activities, and sports. Due to differences in the levels of reliability and validity for the functional tests, a combination of a questionnaire and a functional test appears to be the best instrument to assess the functional capacity of the musculoskeletal system.[1] The following questionnaires are recommended:[1]
- The Oswestry Disability Index
- The Pain Disability Index
- The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire
- The Upper Extremity Functional Scale
Table 1 provides examples of functional tests for musculoskeletal system assessment for children/adolescents, adults and older adults as well as examples of changes that occur in the system across the lifespan.
Children/Adolescents | Adults | Older Adults | |
---|---|---|---|
Muscle strength
(Functional assessment to include sit-to-stand and stairs) |
|
1MMSTST: ranges from 8.1(patient with stroke), 24 (advanced lung disease)[5] to 50 (healthy male adult)[6] |
|
Flexibility/Range of motion
(spinal and chest wall mobility) |
Chest wall mobility:
Age 3 through adulthood: Chest wall mobility measurement for tidal volume excursion: [11]
Pediatric:
Chest wall measurement for vital capacity:[11]
Spinal mobility:
|
Chest wall mobility:
Spinal mobility: Measurement in the standing position using the inclinometer technique:[13]
|
Chest wall mobility:
Spinal mobility: Measurement as for adults.
|
Pain |
|
Functional Pain Scale (FPS) is a tool for the objective assessment of pain and its impact on sleep, ability to complete activities of daily living (ADLs), and concentration:[16]
|
|
Bone Mineral Density |
|
| |
Core Stability |
|
Same as in children/adolescents | Same as in children/adolescents |
Neurological System[edit | edit source]
"Neurons that fire together, wire together."[9]--Eena Kapoor
"Each time we practise that certain type of movement or certain type of action, we are laying down those pathways in our brain."[9]--Eena Kapoor
Components of the neurological system examination include :
- Proprioception
- Ability to determine body segment positions and movements in space[22]
- Vestibular system, including the ability to coordinate movement with balance
- Static and dynamic balance
- Interoception
Table 2 provides examples of functional tests for neurological system assessment for children/adolescents, adults and older adults as well as examples of changes that occur in the system across the lifespan.
Children/Adolescents | Adults | Older Adults | |
---|---|---|---|
Proprioception |
|
There are three main testing techniques for assessing proprioception in adults: |
|
Vestibular system |
|
|
|
Interception[edit | edit source]
Interception is the ability to perceive internal bodily states. Our perception of internal body signals influences our emotions, decision-making, and sense of self.
This optional video explores the concept of interception:
For a detailed assessment of the neurological system, please refer to the Neurological Screening course.
Integumentary System[edit | edit source]
Adequate skin and other connective tissue mobility is needed for free movement of the underlying structures to provide postural support and assure proper ventilation.[11] If fascial restrictions are present, they may cause multiple impairments.
The skin is one of the largest organs of the body. It has many functions, including the following:[30]
- Structural barrier
- Thermoregulation
- An impact on the cardiovascular system because it regulates body's temperature.
- Contributes to sensation for neuromuscular control
- Provides fascial mobility for the range of motion of the joint
Skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and allergic or irritant contact dermatitis affect skin transepidermal water loss (TEWL, the amount of water loss through the epidermis through evaporation), hydration, and acidity.[31]
Table 3 provides examples of differences in integumentary systems across the lifespan.
Children/Adolesents | Adults | Older Adults | |
---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
Read more about the integumentary system in this Physiopedia article.
Gastrointestinal System[edit | edit source]
- The gastrointestinal system occupies the majority of space in the abdominal compartment.
- The following structures surround the abdominal compartment:
- The diaphragm and abdominal wall anteriorly
- Spine posteriorly
- Costal arch on both sides
- Pelvis on the bottom
- The abdominal compartment contains multiple solid and hollow organs, adipose tissue, and major blood vessels. It is located intra- and/ or retroperitoneally.
- The healthy functioning of the GI system depends on the body's ability to generate intra-abdominal pressure.
Table 4 provides examples of differences in the gastrointestinal system across the lifespan.
Children/Adolesents | Adults | Older Adults | |
---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
Cardiopulmonary System[edit | edit source]
The following functions of the cardiopulmonary system should be considered when assessing the system across the lifespan:
- Breathing mechanics and patterns
- Sleep quality
- Oxygen saturation and blood pressure
Children/Adolescents | Adults | Older Adults | |
---|---|---|---|
Breathing mechanics and patterns |
|
|
|
Sleep Quality |
|
||
Oxygen saturation and blood pressure |
|
Mental Health System[edit | edit source]
“Without mental health there can be no true physical health”.---Dr Brock Chisholm, the first Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO.
The World Health Organization defines mental health as comprehensive physical, psychological and social well-being. [56] Economic and social circumstances significantly influence complete mental health, resilience and social support across the lifespan.[57] Mental health-related quality of life (MHRQoL) shows a lower score in older adults in addition to reports of the highest stress and depression in this age group. Stress, depression, and subjective health status influence mental health-related quality of life in adolescents and adults. [58]
Role of physiotherapists in mental health:[59]
- Prevention and promotion of health, including mental health
- Education about mental health
- Referral to specialists in mental health when necessary
- Providing person-centred approach for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults to enhance physical and emotional well-being through improving posture, respiration and concentration.
- The following low-impact activities are recommended for all patients:
- Yoga (mind-body therapy)
- The Pilates method (balancing of the body and mind)
- Feldenkreis method (use of the self through awareness)
- Tai-Chi
- Mindfulness-based therapies
- Breathing therapies
- The following low-impact activities are recommended for all patients:
Resources[edit | edit source]
- https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret-Schenkman/publication/20341766_A_Model_for_Multisystem_Evaluation_Treatment_of_Individuals_with_Parkinson%27s_Disease/links/0c96051786d5fb1da5000000/A-Model-for-Multisystem-Evaluation-Treatment-of-Individuals-with-Parkinsons-Disease.pdf
- https://www.masserypt.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/MasseryCh28AsthmaCampbellPedPTTextbook2006.pdf
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wind H, Gouttebarge V, Kuijer PP, Frings-Dresen MH. Assessment of the functional capacity of the musculoskeletal system in the context of work, daily living, and sport: a systematic review. J Occup Rehabil. 2005 Jun;15(2):253-72.
- ↑ Falk B, Dotan R. Child-adult differences in the recovery from high-intensity exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2006 Jul;34(3):107-12.
- ↑ Haile SR, Fühner T, Granacher U, Stocker J, Radtke T, Kriemler S. Reference values and validation of the 1-minute sit-to-stand test in healthy 5-16-year-old youth: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021 May 7;11(5):e049143.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Schorling DC, Rawer R, Kuhlmann I, Müller C, Pechmann A, Kirschner J. Mechanographic analysis of the timed 4 stair climb test - methodology and reference data of healthy children and adolescents. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2023 Mar 1;23(1):4-25.
- ↑ Watson K, Winship P, Cavalheri V, Vicary C, Stray S, Bear N, Hill K. In adults with advanced lung disease, the 1-minute sit-to-stand test underestimates exertional desaturation compared with the 6-minute walk test: an observational study. J Physiother. 2023 Apr;69(2):108-113.
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