Biomechanics of the Thorax: Difference between revisions

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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Biomechanics?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal Biomechanics] is an area of science that uses principles of physics to measure and study, how forces interact with and affect living  body<ref>Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system-e-book: foundations for rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016 Nov 3.</ref>. These forces could be [https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Human_Biomechanics_-_Internal_Forces&redirect=no%3Futm_source%3Dphysiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal Internal] i.e. within the body or [https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Human_Biomechanics_-_External_Forces&redirect=no%3Futm_source%3Dphysiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal External] i.e. outside the body.   
[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Biomechanics?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal Biomechanics] is an area of science that uses principles of physics to measure and study, how forces interact with and affect living  body<ref name=":0">Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system-e-book: foundations for rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016 Nov 3.</ref>. These forces could be [https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Human_Biomechanics_-_Internal_Forces&redirect=no%3Futm_source%3Dphysiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal Internal] i.e. within the body or [https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Human_Biomechanics_-_External_Forces&redirect=no%3Futm_source%3Dphysiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal External] i.e. outside the body.   


To understand the biomechanics of thorax we will need to study the basic anatomy, joint articulations, muscles associated in the thorax along with kinematics of the rib cage.  
To understand the biomechanics of thorax we will need to study the basic anatomy, joint articulations, muscles associated in the thorax along with kinematics of the rib cage.  
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== Structure of Thorax ==
== Structure of Thorax ==
This is the cornerstone of understanding how the thorax works.
The main three structures mentioned above work in a coordinated motion in thorax to produce [https://www.physio-pedia.com/How_We_Breathe#sts=Internal%20and%20External%20Respiration&#x5B;edit%20|%20edit%20source&#x5D;?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal respiration].


==== Rib Cage ====
==== Anatomy ====


===== Anatomy =====
* The rib cage is a system of various bones and muscle. Bones involved are sternum, 12 pairs of Ribs, 12 Thoracic vertebrae.
The rib cage is a system of various bones and muscle. Bones involved are sternum, 12 pairs of Ribs, 12 Thoracic vertebrae.


The borders of ribcage consist of:
It is like a compartment sealed by various structures from each side.


* Anterior border: sternum
* They can be described as<ref name=":0" />,


* Lateral border: Ribs
{| class="wikitable"
* Posterior border: Thoracic vertebrae
|+
* Superior border: Jugular notch of sternum, superior borders of costocartilages, first rib and its connecting vertebrae
!Side of compartment
* Inferior border: xiphoid process, costocartilages of 6 to 10<sup>th</sup> ribs, inferior portion of 11<sup>th</sup> & 12<sup>th</sup> ribs and 12<sup>th</sup> thoracic vertebrae
!Contents
|-
|Posterior-laterally
|<nowiki>- Thoracic vertebrae</nowiki>


Refer the [[Thoracic Anatomy]] for further details of Thoracic vertebrae & the joint which they form.
- Ribs


===== Articulations =====
- Intercoastal muscles and membrane
|-
|Anteriorly
| - Coastal cartilages
- Sternum
 
-Intercoastal muscles and membrane
|-
|Superiorly
| - Upper ribs and clavicle
- Cervical fascia surrounding esophagus and trachea
|-
|Inferiorly
| -Diaphragm muscle
|}
 
* The sternum consists of manubrium, body and xiphoid process. Its details can be referred to on page : [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Sternum?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal sternum].
* The [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Ribs?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal ribs] are from T1 to T12 region                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
* Refer the [[Thoracic Anatomy]] for further details of Thoracic vertebrae & the joint which they form.
 
==== Articulations ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
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!Bones involved in the joint articulation
!Bones involved in the joint articulation
!Special features
!Special features
!
|-
|-
|Manubriosternal  
|Manubriosternal
|Manubrium and superior part of body of Sternum  
|Manubrium and superior part of body of Sternum
| - Synchondrosis type of joint
| - Synchondrosis type of joint
- Also called Angle of Louis
- Also called Angle of Louis
|
|-
|-
|Xiphisternal
|Xiphisternal
|Xiphoid process and inferior part of body of Sternum
|Xiphoid process and inferior part of body of Sternum
| - Synchondrosis type of joint
| - Synchondrosis type of joint
- Ossifies by 40 to 50 yrs. of age
- Ossifies by 40 to 50 yrs. of age
|
|-
|-
|Typical Costovertebral  
|Typical Costovertebral
|
| - Synovial type of joint
|
|
|  - Synovial type of joint
|-
|-
|Costotransverse
|Costotransverse
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Costochondral  
|Costochondral
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Costosternal
|Costosternal
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Interchondral
|Interchondral
|
|
|
|
|
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==== Kinematics ====
==== Kinematics ====
The motion of the ribs in conjunction with sternum and thoracic vertebrae helps produce the movements of respiration. These consist of inspiration and expiration. The changes in the ribcage


==== Muscles involved in Rib Cage ====
==== Muscles involved in Rib Cage ====

Revision as of 17:35, 4 May 2022

Original Editor - User Name

Top Contributors - Sonal Joshi and Manisha Shrestha  

This article is currently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! (15/12/2021)

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Biomechanics is an area of science that uses principles of physics to measure and study, how forces interact with and affect living body[1]. These forces could be Internal i.e. within the body or External i.e. outside the body.

To understand the biomechanics of thorax we will need to study the basic anatomy, joint articulations, muscles associated in the thorax along with kinematics of the rib cage.

The thorax is formed by the thoracic vertebrae ,the ribs and the sternum.

Parts of Thorax

It has two main functions,

  • Providing anchor for muscle attachments
  • Major role of ventilation

Structure of Thorax[edit | edit source]

The main three structures mentioned above work in a coordinated motion in thorax to produce respiration.

Anatomy[edit | edit source]

  • The rib cage is a system of various bones and muscle. Bones involved are sternum, 12 pairs of Ribs, 12 Thoracic vertebrae.

It is like a compartment sealed by various structures from each side.

  • They can be described as[1],
Side of compartment Contents
Posterior-laterally - Thoracic vertebrae

- Ribs

- Intercoastal muscles and membrane

Anteriorly - Coastal cartilages

- Sternum

-Intercoastal muscles and membrane

Superiorly - Upper ribs and clavicle

- Cervical fascia surrounding esophagus and trachea

Inferiorly -Diaphragm muscle
  • The sternum consists of manubrium, body and xiphoid process. Its details can be referred to on page : sternum.
  • The ribs are from T1 to T12 region
  • Refer the Thoracic Anatomy for further details of Thoracic vertebrae & the joint which they form.

Articulations[edit | edit source]

Joint Bones involved in the joint articulation Special features
Manubriosternal Manubrium and superior part of body of Sternum - Synchondrosis type of joint

- Also called Angle of Louis

Xiphisternal Xiphoid process and inferior part of body of Sternum - Synchondrosis type of joint

- Ossifies by 40 to 50 yrs. of age

Typical Costovertebral - Synovial type of joint
Costotransverse
Costochondral
Costosternal
Interchondral

Function of Thorax[edit | edit source]

Kinematics[edit | edit source]

The motion of the ribs in conjunction with sternum and thoracic vertebrae helps produce the movements of respiration. These consist of inspiration and expiration. The changes in the ribcage

Muscles involved in Rib Cage[edit | edit source]

Primary Muscles[edit | edit source]
  • Diaphragm
  • Intercoastal muscles
  • Scalene
Accessory Muscles[edit | edit source]
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Trapezius
  • Pectoralis major
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Subclavius
  • Levatores costarum
  • Serratus posterior superior
  • Serratus posterior inferior
  • Abdominal muscles
  • Transverse thoracis

Developmental Differences with Age[edit | edit source]

Pathological Changes[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system-e-book: foundations for rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016 Nov 3.
Original Editor - [[User:Manisha Shrestha|Manisha Shrestha] Top Contributors - Sonal Joshi and Manisha Shrestha
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