Outcome Measures for Aged Hand Function: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == '''Introduction''' == | ||
Hand function is vital to human activities and independent living not only that it | Hand function is vital to human activities and independent living not only that it influences task performance especially those tasks that requires dexterity<ref>Lawrence EL, Dayanidhi S, Fassola I, Requejo P, Leclercq C, Winstein CJ, Valero-Cuevas FJ. [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00108/full Outcome measures for hand function naturally reveal three latent domains in older adults: strength, coordinated upper extremity function, and sensorimotor processing.] Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2015 Jun 5;7:108.</ref>, however, hand function such as hand dextrity and prehension including pinch and grip strength decreases due to impact of ageing among older adults. This impact is not far from physiological changes associated with ageing such as structural changes in older adults hands musculoskeletal system, vascular and nerve supply nerve and receptors etc. Therefore, it is essential to assess hand functions with an outcome measure most especially in this population to guage quantitative evaluation and specific treatment approaches of hand function. | ||
== The Outcome measures == | == '''The Outcome measures''' == | ||
Hand function is essential for activities of daily living and these functions depends on the hand motor and sensory functions as well as dexterity function. Due to multi-dimensional nature of hand functions multiple outcome measures or battery of measures is usually recommended. This paper will discuss outcome measures for assessing older adults hand functions under hand motor control and dextrity, and sensory/sensorimotor functions. | |||
=== '''Hand motor control and dexterity,''' === | |||
''Grip strength is usuallly use to assess muscular strength of the hand and forearm in older adults. The'' '''Grip-ball and the Jamar dynamometer''' are usually choice of outcome measure to evaluate grip strength. | |||
==== Instruction for using '''Grip-ball &''' '''Jamar dynamometer for grip strength''' ==== | |||
Grip strength with dynamometer can be measured while patient is standing with arm down at side or arm out and it can also be measured when patient is sitting with arm down at side or elbow flexed to 90 degrees by side, neutral wrist position. In any of this protocol Grip strength for each hand is calculated as the mean of 3 trials, | |||
The '''Grip'''-'''ball''' is a modified dynamometer in form of a ball and it is made up of a pressure and temperature sensors with an electronic wireless communication system in it.<ref>Jaber R, Hewson DJ, Duchêne J. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22925584/ Design and validation of the Grip-ball for measurement of hand grip strength]. Medical engineering & physics. 2012 Nov 1;34(9):1356-61.</ref> It is a modified dynamometer that measures grip strenght when test taker squeeze the ball. | |||
==== '''Psychometric properties of Grip-ball and the Jamar dynamometer''' ==== | |||
Among 59 community dwelling older adults Vermeulen,<ref name=":0">Vermeulen J, Neyens JC, Spreeuwenberg MD, van Rossum E, Hewson DJ, de Witte LP. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25594521/ Measuring grip strength in older adults: comparing the grip-ball with the Jamar dynamometer]. Journal of geriatric physical therapy. 2015 Jul 1;38(3):148-53.</ref> result showed that when Grip-ball was used for grip strength it had Intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.97 and 0.96 for the left and right hands, respectively (P < .001) while Jamar dynamometer had Intraclass correlation coefficients0.97 and 0.98 for the left and right hands, respectively (P < .001). The authors also reported that Grip-ball and the Jamar dynamometer had Pearson correlations of 0.71 (P < .001) and 0.76 (P < .001) for the left and right hands, respectively. Meaning that the two means of measuring grip strength is highly correlated. However it was noted that Grip-ball measurements did not confirm higher grip strength of the dominant hand of the nursing home and community dueling older adults whereas the Jamar dynamometer did.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
==== '''Others hand motor and dexterity measures''' ==== | |||
Hand motor function can also be quantified in terms of activities of daily living, ADL, by using coordinated upper extremity function (Light et al., 1999) that includes s time limited measures (i.e., amount completed in a given time) like the Box and Blocks test <ref name=":1">Mathiowetz V, Kashman N, Volland G, Weber K, Dowe M, Rogers S. Grip and pinch strength: normative data for adults. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 1985 Feb 1;66(2):69-74.</ref> and the Crawford Small Parts Dexterity test.<ref>Boyle AM, Santelli JC. Assessing psychomotor skills: the role of the Crawford Small Parts Dexterity Test as a screening instrument. Journal of dental education. 1986 Mar;50(3):176-9.</ref> Additionally ADL test in terms of time to completion of activitis like the Nine Hole Peg test<ref>Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Kashman N, Volland G. Adult norms for the nine hole peg test of finger dexterity. The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research. 1985 Jan;5(1):24-38.</ref> and the Functional Dexterity test<ref name=":1" /> are among other measures for hand motor control and dexterity outcome measures. | |||
A battery of measures are also available to assess a set of hand motor functional abilities like the Jebsen Taylor Hand Function (Jebsen et al., 1969) and TEMPA tests (Desrosiers et al., 1995). | |||
===== '''Box and Blocks test''' ===== | |||
Box and Blocks test is used to measure a manual dexterity that requires repeatedly moving 1-inch blocks from one side of a box to another in 60 seconds. the test interpretation procedures is to count the number of blocks carried over by the individual from one compartment to the other. Then If the individual carries multiple blocks over at a time, this only counts as 1 point and If the individual brings the block over the partition and drops it outside of the box, the block still counts. | |||
===== Psychometric properties ===== | |||
===== '''Crawford Small Parts Dexterity test''' ===== | |||
===== '''Nine Hole Peg test''' ===== | |||
===== '''Functional Dexterity test''' ===== | |||
=== '''Hand sensory/sensorimotor''' === | |||
sensory acuity tool includes Weber two-point discrimination (Dellon et al., 1987) and the AsTex sensitivity tests (Miller et al., 2009) | |||
One sensorimotor control test is Strength-Dexterity (SD) test (Valero-Cuevas et al., 2003; Dayanidhi et al., 2013; Lawrence et al., 2014). | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 17:42, 28 November 2020
Original Editor - Tolulope Adeniji
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Introduction[edit | edit source]
Hand function is vital to human activities and independent living not only that it influences task performance especially those tasks that requires dexterity[1], however, hand function such as hand dextrity and prehension including pinch and grip strength decreases due to impact of ageing among older adults. This impact is not far from physiological changes associated with ageing such as structural changes in older adults hands musculoskeletal system, vascular and nerve supply nerve and receptors etc. Therefore, it is essential to assess hand functions with an outcome measure most especially in this population to guage quantitative evaluation and specific treatment approaches of hand function.
The Outcome measures[edit | edit source]
Hand function is essential for activities of daily living and these functions depends on the hand motor and sensory functions as well as dexterity function. Due to multi-dimensional nature of hand functions multiple outcome measures or battery of measures is usually recommended. This paper will discuss outcome measures for assessing older adults hand functions under hand motor control and dextrity, and sensory/sensorimotor functions.
Hand motor control and dexterity,[edit | edit source]
Grip strength is usuallly use to assess muscular strength of the hand and forearm in older adults. The Grip-ball and the Jamar dynamometer are usually choice of outcome measure to evaluate grip strength.
Instruction for using Grip-ball & Jamar dynamometer for grip strength[edit | edit source]
Grip strength with dynamometer can be measured while patient is standing with arm down at side or arm out and it can also be measured when patient is sitting with arm down at side or elbow flexed to 90 degrees by side, neutral wrist position. In any of this protocol Grip strength for each hand is calculated as the mean of 3 trials,
The Grip-ball is a modified dynamometer in form of a ball and it is made up of a pressure and temperature sensors with an electronic wireless communication system in it.[2] It is a modified dynamometer that measures grip strenght when test taker squeeze the ball.
Psychometric properties of Grip-ball and the Jamar dynamometer[edit | edit source]
Among 59 community dwelling older adults Vermeulen,[3] result showed that when Grip-ball was used for grip strength it had Intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.97 and 0.96 for the left and right hands, respectively (P < .001) while Jamar dynamometer had Intraclass correlation coefficients0.97 and 0.98 for the left and right hands, respectively (P < .001). The authors also reported that Grip-ball and the Jamar dynamometer had Pearson correlations of 0.71 (P < .001) and 0.76 (P < .001) for the left and right hands, respectively. Meaning that the two means of measuring grip strength is highly correlated. However it was noted that Grip-ball measurements did not confirm higher grip strength of the dominant hand of the nursing home and community dueling older adults whereas the Jamar dynamometer did.[3]
Others hand motor and dexterity measures[edit | edit source]
Hand motor function can also be quantified in terms of activities of daily living, ADL, by using coordinated upper extremity function (Light et al., 1999) that includes s time limited measures (i.e., amount completed in a given time) like the Box and Blocks test [4] and the Crawford Small Parts Dexterity test.[5] Additionally ADL test in terms of time to completion of activitis like the Nine Hole Peg test[6] and the Functional Dexterity test[4] are among other measures for hand motor control and dexterity outcome measures.
A battery of measures are also available to assess a set of hand motor functional abilities like the Jebsen Taylor Hand Function (Jebsen et al., 1969) and TEMPA tests (Desrosiers et al., 1995).
Box and Blocks test[edit | edit source]
Box and Blocks test is used to measure a manual dexterity that requires repeatedly moving 1-inch blocks from one side of a box to another in 60 seconds. the test interpretation procedures is to count the number of blocks carried over by the individual from one compartment to the other. Then If the individual carries multiple blocks over at a time, this only counts as 1 point and If the individual brings the block over the partition and drops it outside of the box, the block still counts.
Psychometric properties[edit | edit source]
Crawford Small Parts Dexterity test[edit | edit source]
Nine Hole Peg test[edit | edit source]
Functional Dexterity test[edit | edit source]
Hand sensory/sensorimotor[edit | edit source]
sensory acuity tool includes Weber two-point discrimination (Dellon et al., 1987) and the AsTex sensitivity tests (Miller et al., 2009)
One sensorimotor control test is Strength-Dexterity (SD) test (Valero-Cuevas et al., 2003; Dayanidhi et al., 2013; Lawrence et al., 2014).
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Lawrence EL, Dayanidhi S, Fassola I, Requejo P, Leclercq C, Winstein CJ, Valero-Cuevas FJ. Outcome measures for hand function naturally reveal three latent domains in older adults: strength, coordinated upper extremity function, and sensorimotor processing. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2015 Jun 5;7:108.
- ↑ Jaber R, Hewson DJ, Duchêne J. Design and validation of the Grip-ball for measurement of hand grip strength. Medical engineering & physics. 2012 Nov 1;34(9):1356-61.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Vermeulen J, Neyens JC, Spreeuwenberg MD, van Rossum E, Hewson DJ, de Witte LP. Measuring grip strength in older adults: comparing the grip-ball with the Jamar dynamometer. Journal of geriatric physical therapy. 2015 Jul 1;38(3):148-53.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mathiowetz V, Kashman N, Volland G, Weber K, Dowe M, Rogers S. Grip and pinch strength: normative data for adults. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 1985 Feb 1;66(2):69-74.
- ↑ Boyle AM, Santelli JC. Assessing psychomotor skills: the role of the Crawford Small Parts Dexterity Test as a screening instrument. Journal of dental education. 1986 Mar;50(3):176-9.
- ↑ Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Kashman N, Volland G. Adult norms for the nine hole peg test of finger dexterity. The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research. 1985 Jan;5(1):24-38.
