Antimicrobial Resistance

Introduction

"The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance - Options for action". Policy document from WHO

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is not a recent phenomenon, but it is a critical health issue today.  Over several decades, to varying degrees, bacteria causing common infections have developed resistance to each new antibiotic, and AMR has evolved to become a worldwide health threat. With a dearth of new antibiotics coming to market, the need for action to avert a developing global crisis in health care is increasingly urgent.

Definition

 When microorganisms such as virus, bacteria, parasites, fungi changed in some way and become have resistance to medical drug that used to treat their infections and change it to be ineffective. AMR is a general term for many types of resistance such as antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasites and antifungal drugs.

Some of the most common bacterial infections resistant to antibiotics are:

• Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis
• Gonorrhoea
• Blood stream infections
• Escherichia coli

Causes

It isn’t an isolated responsibility we can classify it into individual level, governmental or national level even global level

Individual level:

Illogical use of over- counters antibiotic drugs from different types, people use it unnecessarily or they aren't in need to take it as we see in case of viral infection, cold or flue for example.

Some times people share their their antibiotic or drug  based on their experience

Poor hygiene

National or governmental level:

low quality medicine due to lack of tools and methods of diagnosis that lead to

Wrong prescription of drugs and some doctors prescribe wide spectrum of antibiotic drugs for patient as a treatment instead of one specific

poor infection prevention and control in some organizations, hospitals and health care centers.

Spreed of drugs without control from governments

WHO stated that we not only develop AMR from medication we have it also developed by widespread use of antibiotic for livestock in aim for prevent their illness and increase their productivity. So the illness and AMR transmit in for us in food-borne illness.

As population are in continuous movement and travelling that makes spread of drug resistance easily from one to another and to more than one area.

Side effect of AMR

AMR is widealy spread allover the world in away that creating new antibiotic drugs can't go with so that need more effort to control this issues and to speed up process of creating new antibiotic. AMR is life threatening one of mair causes of morbidity and mortality it makes it difficult for patient who has AMR to receive suitable and must treatment when he are in neeed for it.Patients who developed antimicrobial resistance for many antibiotic their treatment will be costly expensive. In addition success of many important surgeries will be complicated.

In addition to a substantial financial burden that national health-care budgets can ill afford, AMR has economic consequences far beyond the health sector, such as damaging repercussions on international travel and trade resulting from the cross-border spread of resistant infections. The cost of not acting against AMR needs to be considered when deciding resource allocation and assessing interventions.

Resources

The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance - Options for action[4][2][1][1] describes examples of policy activities that have addressed antimicrobial resistance in different parts of the world, with the aim of raising awareness and in particular to stimulate further co-ordinated efforts.

What is antimicrobial resistance WHO