Gemellus Superior: Difference between revisions

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== Description  ==
== Description  ==
Gemellus superior works with [[Gemellus Inferior|gemellus inferior]] and [[Obturator Internus|obturator internus]] in the posterior part of the [[hip]]. It works to externally rotate and extend the hip<ref>Palastanga, NIgel; Soames, Roger (November 2011). ''Physiotherapy Essentials : Anatomy and Human Movement : Structure and Function'' (6th ed.). London, GBR: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 235</ref>. [[File:Gemellus superior.png|thumb]]
Gemellus superior is a small muscle in the posterio-latereal portion of the [[hip]]. It works with [[Gemellus Inferior|gemellus inferior]] and [[Obturator Internus|obturator internus]], to form the triceps coxae, to externally rotate the hip<ref>Palastanga, NIgel; Soames, Roger (November 2011). ''Physiotherapy Essentials : Anatomy and Human Movement : Structure and Function'' (6th ed.). London, GBR: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 235</ref>. These three muscles also act as the deep stabilisers of the hip.<ref>Brukner, Peter. (2011). ''Brukner & Kahn's Clinical Sports Medicine (4th Edition).'' Australia. McGraw-Hill education Pty Ltd. p514-515 </ref>  [[File:Gemellus superior.png|thumb]]


=== Origin ===
=== Origin ===
Gemellus superior originates from the outer (gluteal) surface of the spine of the [[Pelvis|ischium]]<ref name=":0">Palastanga, NIgel; Soames, Roger (November 2011). ''Physiotherapy Essentials : Anatomy and Human Movement : Structure and Function'' (6th ed.). London, GBR: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 237.</ref>


=== Insertion  ===
=== Insertion  ===
It has a blended insertion with the upper part of the tendon of the Obturator internus.<ref name=":0" />


=== Nerve ===
=== Nerve ===
Nerve to obturator internus, which is formed from portions of the L5, S1, and S2 spinal nerves.


=== Artery ===
=== Artery ===
Inferior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries


== Function ==
== Function ==
The gemelli muscles act to externally (laterally) rotate the hip.
{{#ev:youtube|v=SWuoa-XJPXg}}<ref>Kenhub - Learn human anatomy. Functions of the gemelli muscles (preview) - 3D Human Anatomy | Kenhub. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWuoa-XJPXg [last accessed 25/07/2019]</ref>


== Clinical relevance  ==
== Clinical relevance  ==
Together with its twin: gemellus inferior as well as obturator internus and [[piriformis]], gemellus superior is a deep stabiliser of the hip joint. These four muscles work with [[Gluteus Maximus|gluteus maximus]] to resist anterior forces of the hip. <ref>Brukner, Peter. (2011). ''Brukner & Kahn's Clinical Sports Medicine (4th Edition).'' Australia. McGraw-Hill education Pty Ltd. p516</ref>


== Assessment  ==
It is difficult to assess gemellus superior in isolation due to its proximity to the other external rotators of the hip. Testing of the external rotators would be done in a normal [[Hip Examination|hip assessment]].
 
== Treatment  ==


== Resources  ==
== Resources  ==

Latest revision as of 15:48, 27 January 2020

Original Editor - Abbey Wright Top Contributors - Abbey Wright

Original Editor -

Top Contributors - Abbey Wright

Description[edit | edit source]

Gemellus superior is a small muscle in the posterio-latereal portion of the hip. It works with gemellus inferior and obturator internus, to form the triceps coxae, to externally rotate the hip[1]. These three muscles also act as the deep stabilisers of the hip.[2]

Gemellus superior.png

Origin[edit | edit source]

Gemellus superior originates from the outer (gluteal) surface of the spine of the ischium[3]

Insertion[edit | edit source]

It has a blended insertion with the upper part of the tendon of the Obturator internus.[3]

Nerve[edit | edit source]

Nerve to obturator internus, which is formed from portions of the L5, S1, and S2 spinal nerves.

Artery[edit | edit source]

Inferior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries

Function[edit | edit source]

The gemelli muscles act to externally (laterally) rotate the hip.

[4]

Clinical relevance[edit | edit source]

Together with its twin: gemellus inferior as well as obturator internus and piriformis, gemellus superior is a deep stabiliser of the hip joint. These four muscles work with gluteus maximus to resist anterior forces of the hip. [5]

It is difficult to assess gemellus superior in isolation due to its proximity to the other external rotators of the hip. Testing of the external rotators would be done in a normal hip assessment.

Resources[edit | edit source]

  1. Palastanga, NIgel; Soames, Roger (November 2011). Physiotherapy Essentials : Anatomy and Human Movement : Structure and Function (6th ed.). London, GBR: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 235
  2. Brukner, Peter. (2011). Brukner & Kahn's Clinical Sports Medicine (4th Edition). Australia. McGraw-Hill education Pty Ltd. p514-515
  3. 3.0 3.1 Palastanga, NIgel; Soames, Roger (November 2011). Physiotherapy Essentials : Anatomy and Human Movement : Structure and Function (6th ed.). London, GBR: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 237.
  4. Kenhub - Learn human anatomy. Functions of the gemelli muscles (preview) - 3D Human Anatomy | Kenhub. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWuoa-XJPXg [last accessed 25/07/2019]
  5. Brukner, Peter. (2011). Brukner & Kahn's Clinical Sports Medicine (4th Edition). Australia. McGraw-Hill education Pty Ltd. p516