Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (SDQ)
Purpose[edit | edit source]
The primary goal of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (SDQ) is to offer a self-administered assessment tool for assessing the likelihood of experiencing various sleep disorders. Douglass and colleagues developed it between 1983 and 1994[1]. The SDQ, emphasizing on diagnosis, diverged from scales such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which focuses on subjective accounts of sleep closely associated with psychological mood and anxiety assessments.
The SDQ emphasizes on identifying sleep disorders that occur concurrently with other medical and psychiatric conditions. Another objective of the SDQ is to provide general practitioners with a triage tool aimed at differentiating between patients at high risk for sleep disorders and those at lower risk[2]. This distinction would enable high-risk patients to receive timely referrals to sleep disorders center.
The SDQ is a long questionnaire, consisting of 175 items, measuring sleep disturbances and the sleep habits of the past month[3]. A shorter, 45-item version[4], is also available to assess common sleep disorders, like sleep apnea, narcolepsy, psychiatric sleep disorders, and periodic limb movement disorder[3].
Intended population[edit | edit source]
The SDQ can be incorporated into a series of questionnaires as part of an initial clinical assessment or screening process for sleep disorders[5][6].
- People with sleeping problems (sleep apnea, narcolepsy, psychiatric sleep disorders, periodic limb movement disorder[7])
- People with epilepsy[8]
- People with an alcohol dependency[9]
- People with Parkinson's disease
- People with Cerebrovascular Illness[10]
Method of use[edit | edit source]
- Number of items: the SDQ has 175 items. The first 152 questions consist of brief statements accompanied by a range of numbers from 1 to 5 (never [strongly disagree], rarely [disagree], sometimes [not sure], usually [agree], always [strongly agree]). The subsequent 23 items are quantitative multiple-choice questions with five levels (regarding frequencies, time intervals, incident rates etc.). All questions refer to the timeframe of the past six months[11].
- Item content[11]:
- Sleep apnea: 12 items
- Restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement disorder: 9 items
- Narcolepsy: 15 items
- Psychiatric sleep disorder: 9 items
- Time to administer: between 60 and 90 minutes[2]
Scoring[edit | edit source]
All items on the SDQ are rated on a scale of 1 to 5 by the respondent. The total score for each subscale is calculated as the sum of all the items within that subscale[2]. For instance, the Sleep apnea subscale comprises 12 items, therefore the highest attainable score on that subscale would be 5 multiplied by 12, resulting in a maximum score of 60. A higher score on a subscale indicates a greater likelihood of a sleep disorder within that specific domain.
Psychometric Values[edit | edit source]
- Adequate validity against polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing[1]
- Test-retest reliability of the four scales[1]:
- Sleep apnea: 0.84
- Narcolepsy: 0.75
- Psychiatric: 0.85
- Periodic limb movement disorder: 0.82
- Inter-correlations of the four scales[2]:
- Sleep apnea - Narcolepsy: 0.14
- Sleep apnea - Psychiatric: -0.20
- Sleep apnea - Periodic limb movement disorder: 0.34
- Narcolepsy - Psychiatric: 0.27
- Narcolepsy - Periodic limb movement disorder: 0.38
- Psychiatric - Periodic limb movement disorder: 0.48
- High negative predictive values for all subscales (0.86-0.99)[1]
- Sleep apnea, narcolepsy and psychiatric subscales have a higher sensitivity and specificity than the periodic limb movement disorder subscale[1]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Douglas AB, Bornstein R, Nino-Murcia G, Keenan S, Miles L, Zarcone VPJ. The Sleep Disorders Questionnaire. I: Creation and multivariate structure of SDQ. Sleep. 1994; 17(2): 160-6
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Douglass AB, Wong C. User's guide for SDQ (Sleep Disorders Questionnaire, Version 2.03) 2010 edition. 2020
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ibáñez V, Silva J, Cauli O. A survey on sleep questionnaires and diaries. Sleep Medicine. 2018; 42: 90-96
- ↑ Biard K, De Koninck J, Douglass AB. Creation of a shortened version of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (SDQ). PLoS One. 2024; 19(2)
- ↑ Munzer T, Hegglin A, Stannek T, Schoch OD, Korte W, Buche D. Effects of long-term continuous positive airway pressure on body composition and IGF1. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2010; 162(4): 695-704.
- ↑ Natale V, Plazzi G, Martoni M. Actigraphy in the Assessment of Insomnia: A Quantitative Approach. Sleep. 2009; 32(6): 767-771.
- ↑ Valipour A, Lothaller H, Rauscher H, Zwick H, Burghuber OC, Lavie P. Gender-Related Differences in Symptoms of Patients With Suspected Breathing Disorders in Sleep: A Clinical Population Study Using the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire. Sleep. 2007; 30(3): 312-319
- ↑ Weatherwax KJ, Lin X, Marzec ML, Malow BA. Obstructive sleep apnea in epilepsy patients: the Sleep Apnea scale of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (SA-SDQ) is a useful screening instrument for obstructive sleep apnea in a disease-specific population. Sleep Medicine. 2003; 4(6): 517-21
- ↑ Conroy DA, Todd Arnedt J, Brower KJ, Strobbe S, Consens F, Hoffmann R, Armitage R. Perception of sleep in recovering alcohol-dependent patients with insomnia: relationship with future drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006 Dec; 30(12): 1992-9
- ↑ Bassetti C, Aldrich MS, Chervin RD, Quint D. Sleep apnea in patients with transient ischemic attack and stroke: a prospective study of 59 patients. Neurology. 1996; 47(5): 1167-73
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Klingman KJ, Jungquist CR, Perlis ML. Questionnaires that screen for multiple sleep disorders. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2017; 32: 37–44.
