Timed Up and Go Test (TUG): Difference between revisions

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== Objective  ==
== Objective  ==
To determine fall risk and measure the progress of balance, sit to stand and walking.  
[[File:Nursing Home.jpg|right|frameless]]
To determine [[Falls|fall]] risk and measure the progress of [[balance]], sit to stand and walking.  
* Simple screening test that is a sensitive and specific measure of probability for falls among older adults<ref>Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. [https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/80/9/896/2842520 Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go Test.] Physical therapy. 2000 Sep 1;80(9):896-903.Available from:https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/80/9/896/2842520 (last accessed 16.10.2020)</ref>.
* A recent study published in 2022 found that the TUG test is a strong mortality predictor, displacing other established risk factors such as chronic diseases in geriatric populations of low and middle income countries.<ref>Ascencio EJ, Cieza-Gómez GD, Carrillo-Larco RM, Ortiz PJ. [https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-022-02749-6 Timed up and go test predicts mortality in older adults in Peru: a population-based cohort study]. BMC geriatrics. 2022 Dec;22(1):1-3.</ref>


== Intended Population  ==
== Intended Population  ==
* This test was initially designed for elderly persons, but is used for in other populations eg [[Parkinsons Disease|Parkinson's]] - This tool is validated for a population with Parkinson’s Disease; [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|Multiple Sclerosis]]; [[Femoral Neck Hip Fracture|Hip fracture;]] [[Alzheimer's Disease|Alzheimer]]<nowiki/>s; [[Stroke|CVA]]; [[Total knee arthroplasty|TKR]] or [[Total Hip Replacement|THR]]; [[Huntington Disease|Huntington Disease]]
* It is one of the 4 tests used in the [[The Balance Outcome Measure for Elder Rehabilitation (BOOMER)]]


This test was initially designed for elderly persons, but is used for people with: 
== Materials Needed ==
* [[Parkinsons Disease|Parkinson's]] - This tool is validated for a population with Parkinson’s Disease.
* One chair with armrest
* Stopwatch
* Tape (to mark 3 meters)


* [[MS Multiple Sclerosis|Multiple Sclerosis]],
== Method ==
 
# Patients wear their regular footwear and can use a walking aid, if needed.
* [[Hip Fracture|Hip fracture,]]
 
* [[Alzheimer's Disease|Alzheimer]]<nowiki/>s, 
 
* Following a [[Stroke|CVA]]
 
* Following routine orthopaedic surgery i.e. [[Total knee arthroplasty|TKR]] or [[Total Hip Replacement|THR]]
 
* [[Huntington Disease|Huntington Disease]]
 
* and others conditions
 
== Method of Use  ==
 
=== Materials Needed: ===
One chair with armrest
 
Stopwatch
 
Tape (to mark 3 meters)
 
=== Method: ===
# The patient starts in a seated position  
# The patient starts in a seated position  
# The patient stands up upon therapist’s command: walks 3 meters, turns around, walks back to the chair and sits down.  
# The patient stands up upon therapist’s command: walks 3 meters, turns around, walks back to the chair and sits down.  
# The time stops when the patient is seated.  
# The time stops when the patient is seated.  
# The subject is allowed to use an assistive device. Be sure to document the assistive device used.  
# Be sure to document the assistive device used.  
NOTE:   
Note: A practice trial should be completed before the timed trial  


A practice trial should be completed before the timed trial
== Observations ==
Observe the patient’s postural stability, [[gait]], stride length, and sway.
* Note all that apply: Slow tentative pace; Loss of [[balance]]; Short strides; Little or no arm swing; Steadying self on walls; Shuffling; En bloc turning; Not using [[Assistive Devices|assistive device]] properly.
* These changes may signify [[Neurological Disorders|neurological]] problems that require further evaluation<ref name=":3">CDC govt. [https://www.cdc.gov/steadi/pdf/TUG_Test-print.pdf TUG] Available from:https://www.cdc.gov/steadi/pdf/TUG_Test-print.pdf (last accessed 16.10.2020)</ref>.


=== Cut-off time for high risk of falls: ===
== Cut-off time for high risk of falls ==
Cut-off times to classify subjects as [[Falls|high risk for falling]] vary based on the study and participants.
An older adult who takes ≥12 seconds to complete the TUG is at risk for falling.<ref name=":3" />


If a patient took 14 seconds or longer he or she was classified as high-risk for falling.<ref name="Shumway-Cook">Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10960937 Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the timed up &amp; go test]. Phys Ther. 2000;80(9):896-903.</ref>
Cut of scores indicating risk of falls by Population (in seconds)
 
* Community dwelling adults - 13.5
The TUG cut off scores can range from 8 – 11.5 seconds (in populations with Parkinson’s looking to identify disability) to 13.5 seconds (older community dwellers) or 15 secs (if already falling or with dual task). Optionally you can view this website: [https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/timed-and-go Shirley Ryan measurement database and references for clinimetrics]  
* Older stroke patients - 14
 
* Frail elderly - 32.6
<br>  
* LE amputees - 19
* PD - 11.5
* Hip OA - 10 -
* Vestibular disorders - 11.1<ref>SR ability lab [https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/timed-and-go TUG] Available from:https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/timed-and-go (last accessed 16.10.2020)</ref>
Cut-off times to classify subjects as [[Falls|high risk for falling]] vary based on the study and participants.<br>


Example score sheet {{pdf|TUG&nbsp;Score Sheet.pdf|TUG score sheet}}  
Example score sheet {{pdf|TUG&nbsp;Score Sheet.pdf|TUG score sheet}}  


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{{#ev:youtube|s0nqzvt9JSs|400}}
{{#ev:youtube|j77QUMPTnE0}}
{{#ev:youtube|mgawa1zXhyg|400}}
 
== Evidence  ==
== Evidence  ==
 
'''Reliability'''
=== Reliability ===
* Intratester and intertester reliability (ICC) have been reported as high, in elderly populations, from .92-.99.<ref name="Steffen">Steffen T, Hacker T, Mollinger L. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856064 Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: six-minute walk test, berg balance scale, timed up go test, and gait speeds.] Phys Ther. 2002;82(2):128-137.</ref>
 
* Reliability in community-dwelling populations has been found to be moderate (.56).<ref name="Steffen" />
Intratester and intertester reliability (ICC) have been reported as high, in elderly populations, from .92-.99.<ref name="Steffen">Steffen T, Hacker T, Mollinger L. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856064 Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: six-minute walk test, berg balance scale, timed up go test, and gait speeds.] Phys Ther. 2002;82(2):128-137.</ref>
* In people with Alzheimers disease reliability is high (ICC = .985-.988).<ref name="Ries">Ries J, Echternach J, Nof L, Blodgett M. Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change scores for the timed "up go" test, the six-minute walk test, and gait speed in people with alzheimer disease. Phys Ther. 2009;89(6):569-579.</ref>
 
* An ICC of 0.80 for subjects with Parkinson's was found<ref name="Huang">Huang S, Hsieh C, Wu R, Tai C, Lin C, Lu W. [https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/20947672/minimal-detectable-change-of-the-timed-up-go-test-and-the-dynamic-gait-index-in-people-with-parkinson-disease Minimal detectable change of the timed "up go" test and the dynamic gait index in people with parkinson disease.] Phys Ther. 2011;91(1):114-121.</ref> and excellent (0.95) ICC and excellent reliability in another study<ref name=":1">Haas B, Clarke E, Elver L, Gowman E, Mortimer E, Byrd E. The reliability and validity of the L-test in people with Parkinson’s disease. Physiotherapy. 2017 Dec 5.https://www.physiotherapyjournal.com/article/S0031-9406(17)30338-3/fulltext</ref>. Test retest <ref name=":2">Huang SL, Hsieh CL, Wu RM, Tai CH, Lin CH, Lu WS. Minimal detectable change of the timed “up & go” test and the dynamic gait index in people with Parkinson disease. Physical Therapy. 2011 Jan 1;91(1):114-21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947672</ref>and the interrator reliability are both high, the TUG can be used to assess differences in the Parkinson's and non Parkinson's populations. <ref>Morris S, Morris ME, Iansek R. Reliability of measurements obtained with the Timed “Up & Go” test in people with Parkinson disease. Physical therapy. 2001 Feb 1;81(2):810-8.</ref>
However, reliability in community-dwelling populations has been found to be moderate (.56).<ref name="Steffen" />  
'''Validity'''
 
* Construct validity has been shown by correlating TUG scores with [[Gait Cycle|gait]] speed (Pearson r = .75), postural sway (Pearson r = -.48), step length (Pearson r = -.74), Barthel Index (Pearson r = -.79), and step frequency (Pearson r = -.59).<ref name="Steffen" />
In people with Alzheimers disease reliability is high (ICC = .985-.988).<ref name="Ries">Ries J, Echternach J, Nof L, Blodgett M. Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change scores for the timed "up go" test, the six-minute walk test, and gait speed in people with alzheimer disease. Phys Ther. 2009;89(6):569-579.</ref>
'''Sensitivity and Specificity'''
 
* The sensitivity and specificity have been reported to be 87%<ref name="Shumway-Cook">Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10960937 Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the timed up &amp; go test]. Phys Ther. 2000;80(9):896-903.</ref>.  
An ICC of 0.80 for subjects with Parkinson's Disease was found<ref name="Huang">Huang S, Hsieh C, Wu R, Tai C, Lin C, Lu W. [https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/20947672/minimal-detectable-change-of-the-timed-up-go-test-and-the-dynamic-gait-index-in-people-with-parkinson-disease Minimal detectable change of the timed "up go" test and the dynamic gait index in people with parkinson disease.] Phys Ther. 2011;91(1):114-121.</ref> and excellent (0.95) ICC and excellent reliability in another study<ref name=":1">Haas B, Clarke E, Elver L, Gowman E, Mortimer E, Byrd E. The reliability and validity of the L-test in people with Parkinson’s disease. Physiotherapy. 2017 Dec 5.https://www.physiotherapyjournal.com/article/S0031-9406(17)30338-3/fulltext</ref>. Test retest <ref name=":2">Huang SL, Hsieh CL, Wu RM, Tai CH, Lin CH, Lu WS. Minimal detectable change of the timed “up & go” test and the dynamic gait index in people with Parkinson disease. Physical Therapy. 2011 Jan 1;91(1):114-21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947672</ref>and the interrator reliability are both high, the TUG can be used to assess differences in the PD and non-PD populations. <ref>Morris S, Morris ME, Iansek R. Reliability of measurements obtained with the Timed “Up & Go” test in people with Parkinson disease. Physical therapy. 2001 Feb 1;81(2):810-8.</ref>  
* Moderate sensitivity in predicting falls in PD, so in isolation it might not be enough to predict falls in this population <ref name=":0">Vance RC, Healy DG, Galvin R, French HP. Dual tasking with the timed “up & go” test improves detection of risk of falls in people with Parkinson disease. Physical therapy. 2015 Jan 1;95(1):95-102. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.883.6123&rep=rep1&type=pdf</ref>
 
'''Minimally Detectable Change (MDC)'''
=== Validity ===
* MDC is "the smallest amount of difference in individual scores that represents true change (beyond random measurement error)". <ref name=":2" />
 
* The MDC was 4.09 seconds in patients with Alzheimers.   
Construct validity has been shown by correlating TUG scores with [[Gait Cycle|gait]] speed (Pearson r = .75), postural sway (Pearson r = -.48), step length (Pearson r = -.74), Barthel Index (Pearson r = -.79), and step frequency (Pearson r = -.59).<ref name="Steffen" />  
* In patients with Parkinson's the MDC was 3.5 seconds<ref name=":2" />
 
=== Sensitivity and Specificity ===
 
The sensitivity and specificity have been reported to be 87%<ref name="Shumway-Cook" />.  
 
Moderate sensitivity in predicting falls in PD, so in isolation it might not be enough to predict falls in this population <ref name=":0">Vance RC, Healy DG, Galvin R, French HP. Dual tasking with the timed “up & go” test improves detection of risk of falls in people with Parkinson disease. Physical therapy. 2015 Jan 1;95(1):95-102. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.883.6123&rep=rep1&type=pdf</ref>  
 
=== Minimally Detectable Change (MDC) ===
MDC is "the smallest amount of difference in individual scores that represents true change (beyond random measurement error)". <ref name=":2" />  
 
The MDC was 4.09 seconds in patients with Alzheimers.   
 
In patients with Parkinson's the MDC was 3.5 seconds<ref name=":2" />
 
One study aimed to calculate the minimal detectable change (MDC) for a range of measures used in amputee rehab. The MDC was presented in absolute values for:<ref name="resnik">Resnik L, Borgia M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21310896 Reliability of outcome measures for people with lower-limb amputations: distinguishing true change from statistical error.] Physical therapy. 2011 Apr 1;91(4):555-65.</ref>
 
*2MWT&nbsp; (34.3m), [[2 Minute Walk Test|Two Minute Walk Test]]
*6MWT (45m),&nbsp; [[Six Minute Walk Test / 6 Minute Walk Test|Six Minute walk test]]<br>
*'''TUG (3.6s)''',
*AMP (3.4pts). [[Amputee Mobility Predictor]]<br>


== Benefits ==
== Benefits ==
Line 108: Line 78:


== TUG Manual and TUG Cognitive ==
== TUG Manual and TUG Cognitive ==
Previous studies have shown that people with PD can show gait changes like a decrease in walking speed, step length and pattern.  These changes are due to a decrease in automaticity and attentional flexibility.  People with PD are at a higher risk for falls because when performing dual tasks they "prioritize concurrent tasks over postural tasks".  <ref name=":0" />
Previous studies have shown that people with Parkinson's can show gait changes like a decrease in walking speed, step length and pattern.  These changes are due to a decrease in automaticity and attentional flexibility.  People with Parkinson's are at a higher risk for falls because when performing dual tasks they "prioritize concurrent tasks over postural tasks".  <ref name=":0" />  
 
* TUG Manual: Carrying a class of water in one hand while completing the TUG.  Low sensitivity of 29% and moderate specificity 68%.<ref name=":0" />
TUG Manual: Carrying a class of water in one hand while completing the TUG.  Low sensitivity of 29% and moderate specificity 68%.<ref name=":0" />
* TUG Cognitive: Counting backwards in threes from a random start point while completing the TUG. Sensitivity of 76.5% and specificity (73.7%).  It had a moderate accuracy, so it is not recommended as a sole test for fall.  The TUG Cognitive was shown to more discriminative than the TUG or TUG Manual. <ref name=":0" />
 
In a retrospective study of 36 participants with PD, participant who reported falls in the last 6 months were compared to participants who reported no falls.  In this study the optimal cut off times to discriminate between fallers and non-fallers with Parkinson's were as follows:<ref name=":0" />
TUG Cognitive: Counting backwards in threes from a random start point while completing the TUG. Sensitivity of 76.5% and specificity (73.7%).  It had a moderate accuracy, so it is not recommended as a sole test for fall.  The TUG Cognitive was shown to more discriminative than the TUG or TUG Manual. <ref name=":0" />  
* TUG: 12 seconds
 
* TUG Cognitive: 14.7 seconds
In a retrospective study of 36 participants with PD, participant who reported falls int he last 6 months were compared to participants who reported no falls.  In this study the optimal cut off times to discriminate between fallers and non fallers with PD were as follows:<ref name=":0" />
* TUG Manual: 13.2 seconds
 
A cross-sectional quantitative study investigating the effects of age-related visual dependence on motor performances (turning cadence; gait speed) under increased attention demands by adding a motor task and visual stimulus to the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test sub-components demonstrated significant performance differences in the TUG test tasks due to age and visual dependence<ref>Almajid R, Tucker C, Wright WG, Vasudevan E, Keshner E. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31877530-visual-dependence-affects-the-motor-behavior-of-older-adults-during-the-timed-up-and-go-tug-test/ Visual dependence affects the motor behavior of older adults during the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test.] Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2020 Mar 1;87:104004.</ref>.
TUG: 12 seconds
 
TUG Cognitive: 14.7 seconds
 
TUG Manual: 13.2 seconds


== References  ==
== References  ==
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[[Category:Assessment]]  
[[Category:Assessment]]  
[[Category:Older_People/Geriatrics]]  
[[Category:Older_People/Geriatrics]]  
[[Category:Neurology Outcome Measures]]
[[Category:Neurological - Outcome Measures]]
[[Category:Outcome Measures - Older People/Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Older People/Geriatrics - Outcome Measures]]
[[Category:Course Pages]]
[[Category:Course Pages]]
[[Category:Plus Content]]
[[Category:Vestibular - Assessment and Examination]]
[[Category:Balance - Special Tests]]

Latest revision as of 16:52, 30 December 2022

Original Editor - David Csepe

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Objective[edit | edit source]

Nursing Home.jpg

To determine fall risk and measure the progress of balance, sit to stand and walking.

  • Simple screening test that is a sensitive and specific measure of probability for falls among older adults[1].
  • A recent study published in 2022 found that the TUG test is a strong mortality predictor, displacing other established risk factors such as chronic diseases in geriatric populations of low and middle income countries.[2]

Intended Population[edit | edit source]

Materials Needed[edit | edit source]

  • One chair with armrest
  • Stopwatch
  • Tape (to mark 3 meters)

Method[edit | edit source]

  1. Patients wear their regular footwear and can use a walking aid, if needed.
  2. The patient starts in a seated position
  3. The patient stands up upon therapist’s command: walks 3 meters, turns around, walks back to the chair and sits down.
  4. The time stops when the patient is seated.
  5. Be sure to document the assistive device used.

Note: A practice trial should be completed before the timed trial

Observations[edit | edit source]

Observe the patient’s postural stability, gait, stride length, and sway.

  • Note all that apply: Slow tentative pace; Loss of balance; Short strides; Little or no arm swing; Steadying self on walls; Shuffling; En bloc turning; Not using assistive device properly.
  • These changes may signify neurological problems that require further evaluation[3].

Cut-off time for high risk of falls[edit | edit source]

An older adult who takes ≥12 seconds to complete the TUG is at risk for falling.[3]

Cut of scores indicating risk of falls by Population (in seconds)

  • Community dwelling adults - 13.5
  • Older stroke patients - 14
  • Frail elderly - 32.6
  • LE amputees - 19
  • PD - 11.5
  • Hip OA - 10 -
  • Vestibular disorders - 11.1[4]

Cut-off times to classify subjects as high risk for falling vary based on the study and participants.

Example score sheet TUG score sheet

Evidence[edit | edit source]

Reliability

  • Intratester and intertester reliability (ICC) have been reported as high, in elderly populations, from .92-.99.[5]
  • Reliability in community-dwelling populations has been found to be moderate (.56).[5]
  • In people with Alzheimers disease reliability is high (ICC = .985-.988).[6]
  • An ICC of 0.80 for subjects with Parkinson's was found[7] and excellent (0.95) ICC and excellent reliability in another study[8]. Test retest [9]and the interrator reliability are both high, the TUG can be used to assess differences in the Parkinson's and non Parkinson's populations. [10]

Validity

  • Construct validity has been shown by correlating TUG scores with gait speed (Pearson r = .75), postural sway (Pearson r = -.48), step length (Pearson r = -.74), Barthel Index (Pearson r = -.79), and step frequency (Pearson r = -.59).[5]

Sensitivity and Specificity

  • The sensitivity and specificity have been reported to be 87%[11].
  • Moderate sensitivity in predicting falls in PD, so in isolation it might not be enough to predict falls in this population [12]

Minimally Detectable Change (MDC)

  • MDC is "the smallest amount of difference in individual scores that represents true change (beyond random measurement error)". [9]
  • The MDC was 4.09 seconds in patients with Alzheimers.
  • In patients with Parkinson's the MDC was 3.5 seconds[9]

Benefits[edit | edit source]

  • Quick to conduct
  • Minimal equipment required
  • Highly reliable and valid
  • Provides useful outcomes related to reduced falls risk

Negatives[edit | edit source]

  • Unable to predict falls in the community[13]
  • Test re-test user error can be high
  • Turning is only assessed in the patient's preferred direction [8]

TUG Manual and TUG Cognitive[edit | edit source]

Previous studies have shown that people with Parkinson's can show gait changes like a decrease in walking speed, step length and pattern. These changes are due to a decrease in automaticity and attentional flexibility. People with Parkinson's are at a higher risk for falls because when performing dual tasks they "prioritize concurrent tasks over postural tasks". [12]

  • TUG Manual: Carrying a class of water in one hand while completing the TUG. Low sensitivity of 29% and moderate specificity 68%.[12]
  • TUG Cognitive: Counting backwards in threes from a random start point while completing the TUG. Sensitivity of 76.5% and specificity (73.7%). It had a moderate accuracy, so it is not recommended as a sole test for fall. The TUG Cognitive was shown to more discriminative than the TUG or TUG Manual. [12]

In a retrospective study of 36 participants with PD, participant who reported falls in the last 6 months were compared to participants who reported no falls. In this study the optimal cut off times to discriminate between fallers and non-fallers with Parkinson's were as follows:[12]

  • TUG: 12 seconds
  • TUG Cognitive: 14.7 seconds
  • TUG Manual: 13.2 seconds

A cross-sectional quantitative study investigating the effects of age-related visual dependence on motor performances (turning cadence; gait speed) under increased attention demands by adding a motor task and visual stimulus to the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test sub-components demonstrated significant performance differences in the TUG test tasks due to age and visual dependence[14].

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go Test. Physical therapy. 2000 Sep 1;80(9):896-903.Available from:https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/80/9/896/2842520 (last accessed 16.10.2020)
  2. ↑ Ascencio EJ, Cieza-Gómez GD, Carrillo-Larco RM, Ortiz PJ. Timed up and go test predicts mortality in older adults in Peru: a population-based cohort study. BMC geriatrics. 2022 Dec;22(1):1-3.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 CDC govt. TUG Available from:https://www.cdc.gov/steadi/pdf/TUG_Test-print.pdf (last accessed 16.10.2020)
  4. ↑ SR ability lab TUG Available from:https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/timed-and-go (last accessed 16.10.2020)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Steffen T, Hacker T, Mollinger L. Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: six-minute walk test, berg balance scale, timed up go test, and gait speeds. Phys Ther. 2002;82(2):128-137.
  6. ↑ Ries J, Echternach J, Nof L, Blodgett M. Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change scores for the timed "up go" test, the six-minute walk test, and gait speed in people with alzheimer disease. Phys Ther. 2009;89(6):569-579.
  7. ↑ Huang S, Hsieh C, Wu R, Tai C, Lin C, Lu W. Minimal detectable change of the timed "up go" test and the dynamic gait index in people with parkinson disease. Phys Ther. 2011;91(1):114-121.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Haas B, Clarke E, Elver L, Gowman E, Mortimer E, Byrd E. The reliability and validity of the L-test in people with Parkinson’s disease. Physiotherapy. 2017 Dec 5.https://www.physiotherapyjournal.com/article/S0031-9406(17)30338-3/fulltext
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Huang SL, Hsieh CL, Wu RM, Tai CH, Lin CH, Lu WS. Minimal detectable change of the timed “up & go” test and the dynamic gait index in people with Parkinson disease. Physical Therapy. 2011 Jan 1;91(1):114-21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947672
  10. ↑ Morris S, Morris ME, Iansek R. Reliability of measurements obtained with the Timed “Up & Go” test in people with Parkinson disease. Physical therapy. 2001 Feb 1;81(2):810-8.
  11. ↑ Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the timed up & go test. Phys Ther. 2000;80(9):896-903.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Vance RC, Healy DG, Galvin R, French HP. Dual tasking with the timed “up & go” test improves detection of risk of falls in people with Parkinson disease. Physical therapy. 2015 Jan 1;95(1):95-102. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.883.6123&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  13. ↑ Barry E, Galvin R, Keogh C, Horgan F, Fahey T. Is the Timed Up and Go test a useful predictor of risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC geriatrics. 2014 Dec;14(1):14.
  14. ↑ Almajid R, Tucker C, Wright WG, Vasudevan E, Keshner E. Visual dependence affects the motor behavior of older adults during the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2020 Mar 1;87:104004.
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