Spinal Manipulation

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Introduction

Spinal Manipulation Therapy (SMT) is a technique that treats back pain, neck pain and other musculoskeletal conditions via the application of force to the spinal joints, with the idea being that such treatment of dysfunctional areas in the spine can restore the spine’s structural integrity, reduce pain and initiate the body’s natural healing processes.

It is a intervention Physiotherapists have been employing since the beginning of physical therapy practice. However, physiotherapists providing spinal manipulations have come under the scrutiny of other professions even though manipulation is not exclusive to any one domain or profession. The APTA has created a page that delineates the difference between physical therapy manipulation and chiropractic manipulation. They have also published a manipulation education manual.

Clinical Prediction Rule for Manipulation

Clinical Prediction Rules are mathematical tools that are intended to guide physiotherapists in their everyday clinical decision making, providing an evidence-based tool to assist in patient management when determining a particular diagnosis or prognosis, or when predicting a response to a particular intervention. The patients that received the most benefit from spinal manipulation for LBP are those that meet at least four out of the five criteria for spinal manipulation.Criteria included in the five factor predictor rule for manipulation  :

1. Pain lasting less than 16 days
2. No symptoms distal to the knee
3. FABQ score less than 19
4. Internal Rotation of greater than 35 degrees for at least one hip
5. Hypomobility of a least one level of the lumbar spine

Two most important identifiers for manipulation are: Pain lasting less than 16 days; No symptoms distal to the knee

The following six factors are the criteria for immediate responders to cervical manipulation:

1. Initial scores on Neck Disability Index <11.50
2. Having bilateral involvement pattern
3. Not performing sedentary work >5 h/day
4. Feeling better while moving the neck
5. Without feeling worse while extending the neck
6. Diagnosis of Spondylosis without Radiculopathy

The presence of four or more of these predictors increased the probability of success with manipulation to 89%.

Cervical Spine

For patients with acute neck pain, either spinal manipulation or home exercises appeared to be more effective than medication in the short and long term, an NCCIH-funded study of 272 patients showed in 2012. A 2015 research review that looked at results from 51 trials with 2,920 participants also reported that there’s weak evidence that spinal manipulation may provide short-term relief from acute or chronic neck pain.

• The NICE guidelines recommend the use of thoracic spinal manipulation in conjunction with range of movement and strengthening exercises to help relieve neck pain. Their recommendation is based on the American Physical Therapy Association guidelines that states "For patients with acute neck pain with mobility deficits, there was a benefit compared to control for using multiple sessions of thoracic manipulation for reducing pain over the immediate and short term".

For Headache

• For preventing migraines, spinal manipulation may be one of several complementary health approaches (including massage therapy) that’s as helpful as medications used for migraine prevention, but the research isn’t conclusive.
• A systematic review of noninvasive nonpharmacologic treatment for chronic pain reported spinal manipulation therapy was associated with slight to moderate improvements in function compared to usual care on the Headache Impact Test and the Headache Disability Inventory (scale 0-100) and in pain over the short term (i.e., 1-6 months) in one trial. The standard of evidence was rated as low.

Cervical spine SMT has been linked to small, potentially dangerous tears in the artery walls in the neck ie cervical artery dissections (CAD). These tears are rare but can lead to a stroke. Any kind of sudden neck movement eg playing sports, getting whiplash may also increase the risk of tears. The available evidence suggests that the incidence of CAD in people getting spinal manipulation is low, but patients need to be informed of this potential risk.

Thoracic Spine

The thoracic region encompasses the verterbrae T1-T12, and is located in the middle region or thorax of the body. Unlike other areas of the spine, each of the vertebrae present has a rib attached to it, resulting in the the thoracic cage being attached to the Thoracic region of the spine. There is minimal evidence surrounding the use of thoracic manipulations for the relief of thoracic pain, but there is evidence for use in relief of neck pain and increasing respiratory function.

Lumbar Spine

Spinal manipulation to the lumbar spine is a common intervention administered for patients with Low Back Pain (LBP). Many noninvasive treatments are available for low-back pain, and these include drugs and nondrug options. In its 2017 clinical guidelines, the American College of Physicians (ACP) suggests that spinal manipulation is one of a number of therapeutic options that may help people with acute or chronic low-back pain (although the ACP says the quality of the evidence is low). The research on spinal manipulation for acute low-back pain is generally mixed and has many limitations.

• Spinal manipulation is no more effective for acute low-back pain than sham (fake) spinal manipulation, or when added to another treatment such as standard medical care, a 2012 research review of 20 studies found. Spinal manipulation appeared to be safe when compared to other treatment options.
• A 2017 analysis examined data from 15 randomized controlled trials with almost 1,700 participants. The researchers concluded that spinal manipulative therapy can modestly improve pain and function in people with acute low-back pain.

The best way of using the manipulations is in combination with other therapeutic modalities.

• 
  There is evidence from a high quality study, that spinal manipulative therapy combined with exercise is more effective than other procedures like spinal manipulation, exercise or physician consultation alone.
• A clinical prediction rule was developed in order to identify these patients with LBP who will most likely benefit from spinal manipulation.
• Spinal manipulation is a sub-group of the Treatment-Based Classification Approach for low back pain..

Contra-indications

The following scenarios are contraindications to low back pain  :

• Any pathology that leads to significant bone weakening
• Neurological: cord compression, cauda equina compression, nerve root compression with increasing neurological deficit
• Vascular: aortic aneurysm, bleeding into joints
• Lack of diagnosis 
• Patient positioning can not be achieved because of pain or resistance.

Other Conditions

A 2021 systematic review found no evidence of an effect of SMT for the management of non-musculoskeletal disorders including infantile colic, childhood asthma, hypertension, primary dysmenorrhea, and migraine. This finding challenges the validity of the theory that treating spinal dysfunctions with SMT has a physiological effect on organs and their function.

Researchers have studied spinal manipulation for many other conditions, including fibromyalgia, children’s ear infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), infant colic, and bedwetting, but there’s too little evidence to know if it helps with these problems.

Neurophysiological Effects

↵An experimental body of evidence exists indicating that spinal manipulation impacts primary afferent neurons from the erector spinae), the motor control system and pain processing.

• Biomechanical changes caused by spinal manipulation are thought to have physiological consequences by means of their effects on the inflow of sensory information to the central nervous system
• Central sensitisation (defined as an increased responsiveness of nociceptors in the central nervous system to either normal or sub-threshold afferent input) results in hypersensitivity to stimuli, responsiveness to non-noxious stimul and increased pain response evoked by stimuli outside the area of injury. Spinal manipulation may effect the central sensory processing by removing subthreshold mechanical or chemical stimuli from the erector spinae, so reducing this phenomena.
• 
  Muscle spindle afferents and Golgi tendon organ afferents are stimulated by spinal manipulation. These two components belong to the nervous system and function to influence movement, playing a role in flexibility.
• Mechanical and chemical changes in the intervertebral foramen caused by a herniated intervertebral disc can affect the dorsal roots and dorsal root ganglia DRG (cells in the DRG act as sites of perception of a painful stimulus). It is not known if spinal manipulation directly affects these changes in the DRG. Individuals with herniated lumbar discs have shown clinical improvement in response to spinal manipulation.
• Spinal manipulation is also thought to affect reflex neural outputs to both muscle and visceral organs. Substantial evidence demonstrates that spinal manipulation evokes erector spinae muscle reflexes and alters motoneuron excitability.