#REDIRECT [[Assessment of Spinal Cord Injury]]
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#REDIRECT [[Spinal Cord Injury Assessment Guiding Principles]]
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For background information go to [[Management of Spinal Cord Injuries - Case Study Part 1]]
ASIA Assessment - C4 ASIA A
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...ifferent cultural settings<ref name=":0">Wijnhoven, T. M., et al. (2004). "Assessment of gross motor development in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study."
The WHO Motor Development assessment protocol has been designed to capture the gross motor development in the fi
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...this area. This page will give us an overview of assessment of ageing with spinal cord injury to bridge some of the existing gap in the literature.
...ttps://www.physio-pedia.com/Assessment_of_Spinal_Cord_Injury assessment of spinal cord injury]).
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...bo-pelvic instability. The muscle activation is capable of stabilizing the spinal segment.
...s identified and reported in [[CPR for Lumbar Stabilisation|CPR for lumbar spinal]] stabilization exercise program success and failure.<ref>Fritz JM, Piva SR
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...t in patient assessment takes practice, refinement and reflection. Patient assessment is an essential skill for every student and practicing physiotherapist.<ref
...mp_up_your_musculoskeletal_assessment.10.aspx Pump up your musculoskeletal assessment]. Nursing made incredibly easy. 2004 May 1;2(3):46-50.</ref>
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...nt of a package of care offered by physical therapists to individuals with spinal pain.
...ganisation) and provides a strong foundation for manual therapy, including spinal joint manipulation in physical therapy practice.
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...n,fckLRMarc Cohen; Evaluation of Breathing Pattern: Comparison of a Manual Assessment of Respiratory Motion(MARM) and Respiratory Induction Plethysmography. Appl
It is a practical, quick, inexpensive manual technique for the assessment of [[Breathing Pattern Disorders|breathing pattern disorders.]]<ref name=":
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...l cord independence measure: comprehensive ability to rating scale for the spinal cord lesion. JRRD. 2007;44(1):65-68.
...helping clinicians determine areas of limitations for their patients with spinal cord injuries, both therapists and patients alike will be benefitting from
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...quake <ref>Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z, Chapter.8 Early Rehabilitation of Spinal Cord Injuries. Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z. [https://resources.relabhs.org
...to a Spinal Injury Rehabilitation Centre 3-weeks after sustaining a T12-L1 Spinal Cord Injury managed surgically following Nepal Earthquake.
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...mb|Sinuvertebral nerve (arrows) taking a recurrent course and reenters the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramen.]]
...fibrosus of the intervertebral disc]], the ligaments and periosteum of the spinal canal. Its complex anatomy and relationship to discogenic pain have warrant
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...nno JF Jr. Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCIII): scale revision. Spinal Cord2001;39,654–656.</ref>
...igned as a tool to measure improvement in walking ability specifically for spinal cord injury.<ref name=":0" /> It is precisely useful for the following cate
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=== Spinal Cord Injury ===
.../professional-resources/neurology-section-outcome-measures-recommendations/spinal-cord-injury]<br>
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...mbar spine examination]]. Aberrant spinal motion is associated with faulty spinal mechanics. Motion of the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] is assessed in all
...cite_ref-:0_1-2"></span>Tape measure: inexpensive instrument for measuring spinal motion, and possibly the easiest to use.
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...ce each skeletal muscle is innervated by nerves derived from more than one spinal cord level.<ref>Earths lab Myotomes Available:https://www.earthslab.com/ana
== Spinal Nerves ==
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...s for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, Revised 2011. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2012;18(1):85-99.</ref>
=== Neurologic Assessment ===
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...iv class="text-right"><ref>MSKTCtv. Exercise, Health and Happiness after a Spinal Cord Injury. Available from: https://youtu.be/S8mUuYdqS5A[last accessed 20/
...e DL, Townson AF, Hsieh JTC, Connolly SJ, Mehta S, Sakakibara BM, editors. Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence. Version 4.0.</ref>
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...branches of the posterior primary divisions (dorsal rami) of the thoracic spinal nerves.
...is innervated by the dorsal rami of the upper thoracic and lower cervical spinal nerves.
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...ber of causes like [[Stroke|cerebral hemispheric]] or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord]] damage.
...TS) a clinical tool for the assessment of spasms and spastic hypertonia in spinal cord injury (SCI) assesses the severity of the 3 [[spasticity]] components:
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...enter by helicopter. He arrived at the hospital and underwent initial assessment within 75 mins of the accident.
== Initial Medical Assessment ==
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...eads to interruption of normal function of nerve tracts in one half of the spinal cord<ref name=":1">Ranga U, Aiyappan SK. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
See the video below to further understand the anatomy of the spinal cord in relation to BSS.<br>
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These tracts (fibers) cross over upon entering the spinal cord and ascend to the brainstem centers.
...anatomy|nervous system,]] lies anteriolaterally to the ventral horn of the spinal grey matter. This pathway comprises of three neutron sets and forms part of
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[[File:Brain and spinal cord tracts.jpeg|thumb|400x400px|Brain and Spinal cord tracts]]
...cord, the ascending sensory tracts arise from either the the cells of the spinal [[Ganglion|ganglia]] or the intrinsic neurons within the grey matter that r
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...o evaluate how patients and their parents perceive the appearance of their spinal deformity.
[[Category:Paediatrics - Assessment and Examination]]
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...points and is available for you in [https://members.physio-pedia.com/learn/spinal-cord-injury-programme/ Plus ], it can be started and completed at any time
...tgiving-btn pp-paypal-donate-btns">[https://members.physio-pedia.com/learn/spinal-cord-injury-programme/ Go to the updated course on Plus ]</div>
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...next [[Physiotherapy Management of Spinal Cord Injuries|Management of Spinal Injuries course]] that we hope to run again in the future.
...m for the [[Physiotherapy Management of Spinal Cord Injuries|Management of Spinal Cord Injuries]] course that ran in Physiopedia in 2014 in collabo
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...center by helicopter. He arrived at the hospital and underwent an initial assessment within 120 mins of the accident.
== Initial Medical Assessment ==
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...to A. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161475408001760 Spinal palpation for lumbar segmental mobility and pain provocation: an interexami
[[Category:Lumbar Spine - Assessment and Examination]]
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...9 and 10, supplies innervation to the soft palate, larynx and pharynx. The spinal part supplies innervation to the [[Sternocleidomastoid]] and [[Trapezius]]
The spinal part on the SAN arises from C1- C5/6 nerve roots.
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...the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Brachial_plexus brachial plexus] (C8, T1 spinal nerves)
== Assessment ==
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...alis muscles group share the same nerve supply from the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.<ref name=":0" />
The transversospinalis muscle group functions in [[Core Strengthening|spinal stability,]] [[proprioception]] and [[posture]], stabilizing the vertebral
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...muscles separated by linea alba (a connective tissue). It acts to flex the spinal column, tense the anterior wall of the [[Abdominal Muscle Anatomy|abdomen]]
[[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|Spinal nerves T7 to T12]] (ventral rami) . T7 innervates fibers above the sup
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...as [[Facet Arthrosis|facet arthropathy]], [[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis|lumbar spinal stenosis,]] and [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint pain]]. There is a high
...deformity or pathology of the other. This means that hip pathology causes spinal pathology or vice versa.
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..., S., The Human Extremities: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Wellington: Spinal publications New-Zealand, 2000.</ref>
...g ruling in or out of the spine as a source of the symptoms. Following the assessment, a provisional classification is made along with a self treatment maneuver.
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...ty, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in children. Front. Neur. 3:96. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00096</ref
...SCI on this complex process<ref name=":1">Powell A, Davidson L. Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015;
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...a [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-vertebral-column Spinal OA] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-verte
..., also contribute to osteoarthritic degeneration.<ref>Lindsey T, Dydyk AM. Spinal Osteoarthritis. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553190/ (ac
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...ic Review of Functional Ambulation Outcome Measures in Spinal Cord Injury. Spinal Cord. 2008 Apr;46(4):246.</ref>
...tz E, Tefertiller C, Weisbach CL. Outcome Measure Recommendations From the Spinal Cord Injury EDGE Task Force. Physical Therapy. 2016 Nov 1;96(11):1832-42.</
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...Skills Programis a set of protocols that deal with two of these steps, the assessment and training of wheelchair skills.<ref name=":2" />
...ram.ca/eng/publications.php.</ref> about the measurement properties of the assessment methods and effectiveness of the training protocols (including two systemat
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...Modified Ashworth Scale (MMAS) and the Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS) in the assessment of wrist flexor spasticity in patients with stroke: protocol for a neurophy
...ons: [[stroke]], [[Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation in Northern Sri Lanka|spinal cord injury]], [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]], [[Cerebral P
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...Management Strategies for Spasticity Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis] Spinal Cord Med, 28(2): 167-199 (2005)
.../default/files/Physical%20Therapy%20FINAL.pdf Role of Physiotherapy in the Assessment and Management of Individuals with Myotonic Dystrophy] Myotonic Dystrophy F
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...er and sour taste could be implicated. Patients with higher cervical-level spinal cord lesion and ventilator-dependent neuromuscular disorders who survive on
== Assessment ==
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...nd satisfaction of life after spinal cord injury in Norway. The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2014 May 1;37(3):310-6.</ref>
...SCIs.<ref name=":0">Sezer N, Akkuş S, Uğurlu FG. Chronic complications of spinal cord injury. World journal of orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):24.</ref>
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...d to the [[Cerebral Cortex|cerebral cortex]]. In the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]], this pathway travels in the dorsal column, and in the [[brainstem]]
...teral branches that will terminate in the spinal gray matter to facilitate spinal reflexes. The majority of the central axonal process, however, will leave t
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...axial skeleton. The first two laws solely apply to the lumbar and thoracic spinal regions, but the third applies to the entire vertebral column <ref nam
[[Category:Manual_Therapy]] [[Category:Assessment]]
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[[File:Spinal Cord Segments and body representation.png|thumb|'''Figure. 1''' Spinal Cord ]]
...Nicholson Perry K. Managing Pain for adults with spinal cord injury. Rural Spinal Cord Injury Project. 2002 Jun.</ref>
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[[File:Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury.png|thumb|Anterior Cord Syndrome]]
...terior two thirds of the cord and/or its vascular supply from the anterior spinal artery<ref name=":3">Deutsch JE, O’Sullivan SB. Stroke. In: O'Sullivan SB
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==== '''Assessment''' ====
...es/PMC5016859/ Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and back pain.] ''Scoliosis Spinal Disord''. 2016;11(1):27. </ref>, and [[taping]]<ref>Atici, Y., Aydin, C., A
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...The design, materials and function of the orthosis are based on a patient assessment, including their medical history, biomechanical principles and the individu
...pinal deformities and injuries and to provide immobilisation or support to spinal injuries<ref>AOPA What is an orthotics? Available:https://www.aopa.org.au/c
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...ich is that portion of a peripheral nerve that “connects” the nerve to the spinal cord.
Nerve roots arise from each level of the spinal cord (e.g., C3, C4), and many, but not all, intermingle in a plexus (brachi
10 KB (1,421 words) - 16:31, 23 June 2023
...Spinal Cord Injuries|spinal cord injury]]. An individual with this form of spinal cord injury (SCI) will have intact motor function and sensations of pain, l
...and tabes dorsalis, but both tend to be generalized to PCS:<ref>Medmaster. Spinal Cord Syndromes: Clinical Recognition & Anatomy Review. Available from: <now
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...om the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It forms part of the descending spinal tract system that originate from the cortex or [[brainstem]] <ref>Crossman,
...rone|motor neurons]]; they synapse on neurons in the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] called lower motor neurons, which make contact with skeletal muscle
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...uri E, Muntoni F. The Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale for Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy: a Scale to Test Ability and Monitor Progress in Children
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Dorsal rami of thoracic and lumbar spinal [[Neurone|nerves]] (T7 to L3)<ref name="p3">Iliocostalis muscle [Internet].
== Assessment ==
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...ion of the ANS sympathetics, which originate from T1-L2 afferents from the spinal cord.<ref>Benhamou CL, Roux C, Tourliere D, Gervais T, Viala JF, Amor B. Ps
Red flags for possible serious spinal pathology include<ref>Patient Thoracic [https://patient.info/doctor/thoraci
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...rotational horizontal plane motion. Many nerves innervate the muscles for spinal rotation.
* The [[Spinal Manipulation|rotational manipulative technique]] is commonly used for patie
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...niversity of Nottingham]. Students will choose topics in relation to spinal rehabilitation and either create new pages or review and update existing Ph
...n spinal pain <br>11. Post-surgical physiotherapy management of a specific spinal pathology (e.g. scoliosis) <br>12. The role of the internet in teaching and
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...ome (CCS) is the most commonly encountered incomplete [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] (SCI) type. CCS was first described in 1954 by Schneider et a
...ledge about somatotopic arrangement of tracts in [[Spinal cord anatomy|the spinal cord]]. Somatotopic arrangement of tracts, mainly lateral [[Corticospinal T
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* Spinal anaesthesia over epidural anaesthesia<ref name=":4" />
...s, the largest spinal nerve plexus. It consists of nerves originating from spinal segments L1 to S4, lumbar plexus taking its origin from L1 to L4 and sacral
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.... [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303793/ Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries.] World journal of orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):8. Available
...L. GUTTMANN, O.B.E., M.D., M.R.C.P.;1953</ref><ref name="Sedgwick et al.">Spinal cord potentials in traumatic paraplegia and quadriplegia; E M SEDGWICK, E E
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...n and improve movement.<ref name=":0">Herzog W. (2010) The Biomechanics of Spinal Manipulation. Journal of Bodyworks and
...this can help with exercises.<ref>Haavik H., Murphy B. (2012) The role of spinal manipulation in addressing disordered sensorimotor integration and altered
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...an also be used in case of a herniated [[Disc Herniation|disc pathology]], spinal nerve root compression, acute neck pain which could be neural related.
...og.com/bakody-sign-position/</ref><ref>Magee, David J. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders Elsevier, 2008.</ref>
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[[File:Wheelchair 4.jpg|thumb|Psychosocial considerations in spinal cord injury]]
...and improving the [[Quality of Life|quality of life]] (QoL) of people with spinal cord injuries,<ref name=":0" />
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...by the [[radial nerve]]. The innervation involves contribution from C5-C6 spinal nerve roots (C7 innervation sometimes is cited).<ref name="Anatomy." />
The brachioradialis tendon is used clinically to test C6 spinal nerve root. Which is affected in C5-C6 disc herniation.<ref name=":0" />
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...e. 2nd ED. Edinburgh. Churchill Livingstone. Elsevier. 2007</ref> Postural assessment as part of the screening process is relevant as there is evidence of correl
...quately view the athlete's posture. The various components of the postural assessment is viewed anteriorly, posteriorly and from the side as well.
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...for use in patients with [[stroke]]<ref name=":0" />, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] and [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|cerebral palsy]]<ref name="
Note the presence of [[Contracture Management in Spinal Cord Injury|contractures]] and/or a clasp-knife response before examination
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.... [https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article-abstract/43/6/750/2899121 Spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis: reliability, validity and responsivenes
...r Heijde D. [https://www.jrheum.org/content/31/9/1779.short Measurement of spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis: comparison of occiput-to-wall and tragu
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...sed with [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]] mention during the assessment.<ref>Brown Tracy, Melinosky Christopher. [https://www.webmd.com/multiple-sc
#* [[Spinal Cord Injury|Spinal Cord Compression]]/[[Hernia|Herniation]]/Injury
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...al Reality Systems for Upper Limb Motor Function Recovery in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR mHealth and uHealth.
People with a spinal cord injury may be unable to perform some motor tasks because they:
12 KB (1,824 words) - 18:10, 30 September 2022
...diagnosis-based clinical decision rule for the management of patients with spinal pain.] BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007;8:75.</ref> The reverse of centralizat
...ted to contribute to the assessment of the underlying acuity and nature of spinal symptoms, <ref>Kuhnow A, Kuhnow J, Ham D, Rosedale R. [https://pubmed.ncbi.
13 KB (1,757 words) - 08:56, 29 April 2022
...ars it has seen many changes to its use and governance. It's use in the assessment and treatment of epicondylitis is often advocated<ref>Andres BM, Murrell GA
=== Spinal Mobilization/Manipulation ===
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...arm and suicide before and after spinal cord injury: a systematic review.] Spinal Cord. 2017 Jan;55(1):2-7. </ref><ref>Khazem LR. [https://www.sciencedirect.
The psychological and social reaction following [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] in an individual may include the following:
10 KB (1,519 words) - 17:07, 4 July 2023
...n in rheumatoid arthritis. British J Rheum 1998;37:417-420.</ref> Cervical spinal cord compromise due to atlantoaxial subluxation can have serious neurologic
...vlugt G, Indenbaum S. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3395385 Clinical assessment of atlantoaxial instability using the Sharp-Purser test]. Arthritis and Rhe
5 KB (702 words) - 22:48, 31 January 2021
...pper limb and prevent pain with activities of daily living in clients with spinal cord injuries.
== Risk Factors Assessment ==
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...esult in [[Spinal Stenosis|spinal stenosis]], neurologic deficit, cervical spinal deformity and instability. Patients can be polysyndromic in their presentat
* Fusion of two or more spinal bones in the neck
8 KB (1,099 words) - 01:16, 24 June 2022
...8 years of age.<ref name=":4">Howard J, Sees J, Shrader MW. Management of spinal deformity in cerebral palsy. JPOSNA®. 2019 Nov 3;1(1).</ref>{{#ev:youtube|
According to the [https://www.srs.org/ Scoliosis Research Society], the spinal deviation can be<ref name=":3">Vialle R, Thévenin-Lemoine C, Mary P. Neuro
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...upper two-third of external abdominal oblique supplied by lower [[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|intercostal nerves]] T7-T11 and subcostal nerve T12.
== Assessment ==
4 KB (619 words) - 02:13, 29 March 2022
....<ref>Parr, A., & Askin, G. (2020, December). Non-radicular low back pain: Assessment and evidence-based treatment. ''Australian Journal of General Practice''. R
...tial that physiotherapists are able to undertake a comprehensive screening assessment and have the necessary clinical reasoning skills to either clear the lumbar
15 KB (2,238 words) - 10:13, 11 January 2023
...n]. Spine 2002;27(24):2529-2602.</ref>. The McKenzie side glide test is an assessment of obstruction of movement in the frontal plane and can be provocation test
...pose is to understand if the patient has a possible lateral component. The assessment of this motions to determine any loss of motion or pain provocation assists
6 KB (936 words) - 19:06, 4 July 2023
...lumn Medial Lemniscal Pathway|dorsal column]] of the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] (the dorsal column is responsible for [[proprioception]]).<ref>Healt
...terior cord syndrome (Posterior spinal artery infarction); Hemi-section of spinal cord ([[Brown-Sequard Syndrome|Brown Sequard syndrome]])<ref name=":0">Epom
10 KB (1,484 words) - 01:59, 29 February 2024
== Assessment: ==
Anatomy of Spinal Vertebrae Tutorial Archived 2007-10-10 at the Wayback Machine.
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...nal cord injury for the Plus course: Bladder and Bowel Considerations with Spinal Cord Injury.
== Bowel Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Injury ==
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...inal Masqueraders|spinal masqueraders]], suspected [[Lumbar Spine Fracture|spinal fracture]] be sure to liaise with appropriate medics and investigate as nee
== Subjective Assessment ==
10 KB (1,440 words) - 16:23, 13 November 2021
...a work efficiently to hold the urine, evacuate, and how they work, used in assessment some pathological urinary symptoms conditions such as: [[Urinary Tract Infe
...rve as in patients with [[Spinal Cord Injury Assessment Among Older Adults|spinal cord injury.]]
7 KB (1,046 words) - 10:55, 24 May 2022
...or_people_with_spinal_cord_injuries Contracture management for people with spinal cord injuries.] NeuroRehabilitation. 2011 Jan 1;28(1):17-20.</ref> Contract
...ctors of contracture after spinal cord injury—a prospective cohort study.] Spinal cord. 2012 Aug;50(8):579-84.</ref>
12 KB (1,695 words) - 13:00, 7 April 2023
...tal development and in turn cause structural problems within the spine and spinal cord. These deformities can range from mild to severe and may cause other p
...d/or misshapen or partially formed.<ref name=":0">Khavkinckinic Congenital spinal deformities Available:https://khavkinclinic.com/congential-spine-deformitie
17 KB (2,458 words) - 15:25, 9 January 2023
Formed by the spinal roots '''C6, C7, C8, T1.'''
== Technique<ref name="Magee">Magee DJ. 2002, Orthopedic Physical Assessment, 4th edition, Philadephia: Saunders</ref> ==
6 KB (837 words) - 22:02, 31 January 2021
...al, credible and thought-provoking information on the science of pain, its assessment and management. Much of our direction was guided by the [http://www.iasp-pa
**Describe and explain the afferent innervations of the spinal cord from different tissue types, and how pain from different tissues is pr
7 KB (916 words) - 09:04, 28 July 2023
...al Plantar Nerve|medial plantar nerve]]. Both heads are represented by the spinal segments S1 and S2.
== Assessment ==
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...es in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review.] The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2010 Jan 1;33(4):353-70.</ref><br>
...the 'locked-in' syndrome, the persistent vegetative state and brain death. Spinal cord. 1998 Nov;36(11):741-3.</ref><ref>Hamou C, Shah NR, DiPonio L, Curtin
17 KB (2,497 words) - 13:58, 19 July 2021
...t is a rare neurogenic disease. As the cyst gets larger, it presses on the spinal cord and interferes with the transmission of [[Neurone|nerve]] impulses. S
...lar and Genetic Disorders|congenital]] brain defects, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord trauma]] and [[Infectious Disease|infection]].
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[[Assessment Considerations in Disasters and Conflicts]]
[[Complications in Assessment and Treatment in Disasters and Conflicts]]
7 KB (998 words) - 00:15, 5 January 2023
...iotherapy clinics. The physiotherapy assessment aims to screen for serious spinal conditions and identify impairments that may have contributed to the onset
Once [[An Introduction to Red Flags in Serious Pathology|serious spinal pathology]] and [[Specific Low Back Pain|specific causes of back pain]] hav
16 KB (2,344 words) - 06:53, 12 May 2024
...inology''': Discitis is discouraged as a term as isolated infection of the spinal disc rarely occurs. Normally the initial infection is the vertebral endplat
* spinal instrumentation or [[Spinal Cord Injury|trauma]]
11 KB (1,548 words) - 23:24, 26 November 2022
The root is the lateral branch of the dorsal rami of the C2 and/or C3 spinal nerves<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />.
== Assessment ==
5 KB (739 words) - 10:46, 27 March 2023
...rsal horn cells:''' Increased excitability of second order neurons in the spinal cord<ref name=":4" />
...on|descending inhibitory]] and facilitating pathways from the brain to the spinal cord can result in [[Central Sensitisation|central sensitisation]]<ref>Kune
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=== Framework for those teaching cervical assessment and management ===
...ety of manual assessment and intervention techniques are being used in the assessment and management of the cervical spine. The reports of patient harm from OMT
7 KB (977 words) - 21:17, 14 April 2021
...l stimulation therapy for patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury. Medicine. 2018 Oct;97(41).</ref> The clinical symptoms of neur
The symptoms of neurogenic bowel in [[Spinal Cord Injury]] can be broadly divided into two headings:
15 KB (2,094 words) - 10:55, 24 May 2022
#During assessment the therapist will identify one or more comparable signs as described by Ma
...herapist has not found the correct treatment plane, grade of mobilization, spinal segment or that the technique is not indicated.
10 KB (1,553 words) - 21:19, 17 October 2020
...sessment_of_Neuropathic_Symptoms_and_Signs The LANSS Pain Scale: the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs.] Pain. 2001 May 1;92(1-2):147-57.</ref>.
* Central nervous system lesions (stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury)
4 KB (623 words) - 10:29, 26 July 2023
