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...letal conditions are associated with pain, disability, poor general health and mortality. They also impact on mental health ...idance.org/entry/16255/1/Influence-of-Physical-Activity-on-Musculoskeletal-System.html]</ref>

The locomotor system is also known as the musculoskeletal system. ...nt|ligaments]], [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s, joints, [[cartilage]] and other connective tissue.

...e tissues.]] As joint range of movement has a direct effect on [[posture]] and [[Movement Dysfunction|movement]], this can result in marked alteration of == Age-related Changes in Connective Tissue ==

...]] and heart and respiratory diseases are well known. In terms of exercise and physical activity, smokers also have: ...vailable from:https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10643-smoking-and-physical-activity (accessed 8.4.2021)</ref>.

...predicting survival and toxicity, assist in clinical treatment decisions, and guide interventions in routine oncology practice. The information on this w ...ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17287242/ Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006]. Annals of oncology. 2007 Mar 1;18(3):581-92.<

...'- [[User:David Greaves|David Greaves]], [[User:Lynette Fox|Lynette Fox]], and [[User:Katie White|Katie White]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spi ...e factors. It provides patients a better understanding of their condition and motivates them to become active participants in their treatment programs.

...nervous system]]. This means that tumours can be found anywhere along this system; most commonly (about 50%) start in the [[Adrenal Glands|adrenal glands]] ( Due to the high variability in its presentation, clinical signs and symptoms at presentation can range from benign palpable mass with distensio

...e, which can fulfill the primary need of locomotion and provide propulsion and support for the body." This definition itself was taken from 'Gait Analysis .../hal-03551416/document Early Gait Development in Human Infants: Plasticity and Clinical Applications.] Developmental Psychobiology. 2015:57:447-458. </re

...hanics'''. Biomechanics is often referred to as the link between structure and function. ...anics has been studied by the likes of Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, and Aristotle.

...interventions. They work with patients of all ages and work both manually and with medical equipment.<ref>Federation hospital de France website. Availabl ...the specialty by their own general practitioner.<ref>The French Healthcare system- Le Securite Sociale website. Available at: https://about-france.com/health

...is an essential part of the strategy for the prevention of hip dislocation and its sequelae.<br> ...ss of mobility, inability to be correctly positioned, compromised personal and hygiene care<br>4. Decrease in quality of life<br>

...21.3.2021)</ref>.[[File:Myogenesis Schematic of satellite cell myogenesis and markers typical of each stage.jpg|right|frameless|600x600px]] * Mononucleated cells “wedged” between the basement membrane and plasma membrane of the muscle fiber.

...]), and adapted for local use. It is accurate, expedient, and inexpensive and has been shown to be a very reliable evaluation instrument<ref name=":0" /> ...sy clinics to assess results of clubfoot management in children of walking age, ie mid-term to longer-term results<ref name=":0" />.

...is pain? II: Pain expression and behaviour, evolutionary concepts, models and philosophies]. Australasian Anaesthesia. 2009(2009):35. Available from:http ...atric disease may aggravate pain. <ref>Güleç, G., & Güleç, S. (2006). Pain and pain behavior. Agri: Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi’nin Yayin organidir [Agri: T

...ke a holistic view of patients’ health, personal situations, personalities and individual circumstances in order to recommend the right preventive or reha ...ious areas such as hospitals, primary care centers, home based health care and company health care. They can also access physiotherapy through private cli

...in [[Older People Introduction|older adults]].<ref>Nancye MP, Suzanne SK, and Kerenaftali K, [https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/68/1/39/ ...irments|cognitive]] decline, [[Disability-Adjusted Life Year|disability]], and mortality.<ref name=":0">Mehmet H, Robinson SR, Yang AWH. [https://pubmed.n

...ation of movements, [[Perturbation-Based Balance Training|perturbations]], and quiet stance. ...rse group of conditions, most notably [[parkinson's]] and [[Extrapyramidal and Pyramidal Tracts|extrapyramidal]] diseases (eg [[parkinsonism]], [[chorea]]

...ders, we will observe different patterns including positions and movements and different impairments. ...<ref>Emma Giles. Khan Academy - Types of Cerebral Palsy Part 2: Dyskinetic and Ataxic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s-n4eFypPc [last a

.../en/the-vojta-principle/profvvojta Prof. Vaclav Vojta] in the 20th century and now used predominantly in Europe. ...re is a coordinated, rhythmic activation of the total skeletal musculature and a CNS response at various circuit levels.<ref name=":0">International Vojta

[[File:Sjogrens Syndrome.jpeg|thumb| Signs and symptoms: SS]] .../ref><ref name="NIAMS">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Sjogren's Syndrome. http://ww.niams.niih.gov/Health_Info/Sjo

...U receive the most appropriate physiotherapy treatment for their condition and that this intervention is also appropriately progressed. # '''<u>History</u>''' (including investigation of symptoms and review of systems)

...compete strongly in endurance events is influenced by our physical fitness and psychological strengths ...ce training involves developing both general and event specific endurance. And the mental toughness or “grit” needed to achieve our peak performance..

...//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9450698/ Temporomandibular disorder and generalized joint hypermobility: application of diagnostic criteria]. Braz The Beighton score is a modification of the Carter and Wilkinson scoring system (1964) <ref name="Frontera">Frontera W, Slovik D, Dawson D. Exercise in Reh

...ation as it provides an objective measure of a patient's physical strength and offers valuable insights into potential neurological deficits. ...ding hand dominance, age, biological sex, fatigue, medication, time of day and the patient's occupation. Accounting for these variables is essential to en

* Thoracic spine pain often has a musculoskeletal origin related to poor posture or overuse injuries. ...2015 [https://www.bnasurg.com/downloads/BNA-newsl-0115-300.pdf Evaluation and Management of Thoracic Spine Pain in the Primary Care Setting] available fr

...proposed the approach for treating patients affected with Central Nervous System anomalies. ...cisig=ABFrs3zhaaLncukxWHAzPqDwqm27 Combining Neuro-Developmental Treatment and Sensory Intergration Principles]. An approach to Pediatric Therapy. Erna I.

...k factors, classification and treatment options.] Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2020;16:1505.</ref> Despite cerebral palsy being non-progressive ...these injuries are generally caused by traumatic brain injury, meningitis and near-drowning.<ref name=":0" />

...Jun 10;79(6):388-93.</ref> Physiotherapeutic interventions with exercises and manual therapy for people living with HIV is highly beneficial as physioth ...rom: <nowiki>https://www.physiospot.com/opinion/hiv-what-has-physiotherapy-and-rehabilitation-got-to-do-with-it/</nowiki></ref><ref name=":0">Pullen SD, C

...Q&scisig=AAGBfm3Vr5JwkzReXx31ySfQ5MLQbhVoEQ The contribution of early‐life and midlife risk factors.] Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2008 Jun ...hronic disease and the ability to operate well in old age, both physically and cognitively<ref name=":0" />.

...Ajani">Ajani AE, Yan BP. The mystery of coronary artery spasm. Heart, Lung and circulation. 2007 Feb 1;16(1):10-5.</ref> This page addresses the Assessmen ...Breathing evaluation and retraining in manual therapy. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2009 Jul 1;13(3):276-82.</ref>

.... The American dog tick carries the pathogen in the western United States, and the wood tick carries the pathogen in the eastern United States.<ref name=" ...proximately 8 per million. However, the number of fatalities has decreased and currently is about 0.5%.

..., developed in the tendon of the [[Quadriceps Muscle|Quadriceps femoris,]] and resembles these bones as it is... ...et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519534/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Knee Patella.] [Updated 2023 Oct 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]

...reated Obstetric Fistula Patients in Rural Ethiopia. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2008.30(1). pp. 44-50. 30(1). pp. 44-50. Available from ...istula repair: systematic review of qualitative studies. Tropical medicine and International health. 2015 20(5). pp. 554-568. Available from https://pubme

...organs and systems.&nbsp; Most affected areas include the kidneys, lungs, and upper respiratory tracts<ref name="NIH" />. ...n middle-aged adults but has been seen in children as young as 3 months of age<ref name="NIH">Wegener's Granulomatosis. Reviewed Feb 8, 2011; accessed Mar

...ch the condition progresses, covering: infection; asymptomatic; symtomatic and; the progression of HIV to AIDS. Please visit our Physiopedia page to learn ...tunistic viral infections, and as the immunologic control of these viruses and virus-infected cells is impaired, which permit the development of cancer.

...are three main treatment routes if you are resident in the United Kingdom and wish to see a physiotherapist: ...ill first need to make an appointment with their general practitioner (GP) and then ask to be referred to see a physiotherapist. Onward referral will be a

...on of muscle-tendon lengthening, tendon transfers, rotational osteotomies, and joint stabilizations are performed within the procedure. Thus addressing mu ...brary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03995.x The influence of age at single‐event multilevel surgery on outcome in children with cerebral p

...ref name="Henschke 2015">Henschke N, Kamper SJ, Maher CG. The epidemiology and economic consequences of pain. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015 Jan;90(1):139–47.</re ...="Hecke 2013">Hecke O van, Torrance N, Smith BH. Chronic pain epidemiology and its clinical relevance. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Jan 7;111(1):13–8.</ref>.

Eliza Clark and Megan Kanter<br> ...mptoms, including chronic musculoskeletal pain, widespread muscle weakness and history of hypermobility.<ref name="Bem-Haja et al"/><br>

...''deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme''', acid maltase. It affects both males and females. == Causes and Inheritance ==

[[File:Old client.jpg|thumb|330x330px|Age-Induced Hand Impairment]] ...The aging hand]. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2003 Feb 1;58(2):M146-52. Available from:https://academic

...ties and an individual's participation.<ref name=":0">Eskay K. Paediatric Musculoskeletal Development Course. Plus. 2023.</ref> The following sections highlight key stages and changes that occur during musculoskeletal development.

...s, Blount's disease is progressively worsening. It can cause severe bowing and can affect one or both legs.<br> ...lterations on the cartilage of the epiphysis, further causing chondrocytes and delaying in epiphysis ossification. The increase in medial load with obesit

...ysical characteristics include a tall, thin build with long fingers, arms, and legs.<ref name="[4]">Mayo Clinic Web site. Marfan syndrome. Available at: ...ebruary 27, 2011.</ref><ref name="[9]">Cleveland Clinic Web site. Diseases and Conditions- Marfan Syndrome. Available at: http://my.clevelandclinic.org/he

...nwhile, other names are given to HMS, such as joint hypermobility syndrome and benign hypermobility joint syndrome. HMS is a dominant inherited connective ...rders such as Down syndrome and metabolic disorders such as homocystinuria and hyperlysinemia.<ref name="p4" /> Laboratory tests are used to exclude these

...of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the Uni ...of the [[Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]</div>

...//journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1007/s11832-013-0515-6 Hip surveillance and management of the displaced hip in cerebral palsy.] J Child Orthop. 2013;7( ...osis and pelvic obliquity<ref name="Wynter" />. It appears that topography and movement disorder are poor predictors of hip subluxation<ref name="Wynter"

...detection of metastatic bone disease in back pain? Physiotherapy Practice and Research. 2017;38(2): 73-77.</ref> ...ll.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>"Our job as health professionals is to try and identify [serious pathologies] early." -- Laura Finucane</blockquote>

...ser:Naomi O'Reilly|Naomi O'Reilly]] , [[User:Vidya Acharya|Vidya Acharya]] and [http://relabhs.org/ ReLAB-HS] ...oorest and most vulnerable populations in low- and middle-income countries and conflict-affected settings, which are often ill equipped to cope with incre

...of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Development Project] ...nt. Individuals with clubfoot experience bone and soft tissues deformation and this abnormality can be presented through a range of abnormal alignments.

Walking aids fall into multiple categories and include the following: ...es into contact with the ground. The ferrule should not be worn or cracked and should fit well onto the point of the walking aid).

...with evaluating, diagnosing, and treating disorders of the musculoskeletal system. ...or by regular physician, but sometimes patients can have access to clinics and pay cash.Therapist are enrolled to primary care team involved in multiple r

...nism of action and effects on performance. Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine and Science 1998. http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/anabster/anabster.html (accesse ...d other conditions with hormonal imbalance.<ref name="Drugs.com. Androgens and anabolic steroids." /><br>

...2018 Jul 1;64:181-90.</ref> Gait deviations can also have a developmental, musculoskeletal, or neurological aetiology.<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>'''From a rehabili ...he new skill to be sustained over time. To learn more about motor learning and motor learning theories, please read [[Motor Learning - Back to the Basics|

...ntral nervous system, the musculoskeletal system, the reproductive system, and the liver.<ref name=":0">Adigun R, Bhimji S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ...infectious disease and is still one of the major contributors of morbidity and mortality in developing countries where we are still struggling to provide

'''Original Editors ''' - Kerri Falk and Tori Kute&nbsp;[[Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems|Students from ...cessed 13.1.2023)</ref><br>{{#ev:youtube|oINxr8_nR_Y}}<ref>Graves' Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oI

...ruction|ACL]]) attaches. This ligament is integral maintaining flexibility and stability in the knee. 1) children ages 8 to 14 years of age<ref>GronkvistHFracture of the anterior tibial spine in children. J Pediatr

[[Integumentary System|Skin]] is the largest organ in the body and covers the body's entire external surface. ...b. Available from; https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/integumentary-system

...increased risk of [[falls]], harm events, institutionalisation, care needs and disability/death.<ref name=":0">Buxton S. An Introduction to Frailty course ...). Frailty and Cardiovascular Diseases . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1216. Springer, Cham, 2020.</ref>

...bVNU3LumBsBrS50#v=onepage&q&f=false BRACHIAL PLEXUS BIRTH PALSY]. Rockwood and Matsen's The Shoulder E-Book. 2021 Jun 12:39.</ref> The overall incidence o ...e=":3" /> This traction force widens the angle between the baby's shoulder and neck, resulting in an overstretched ipsilateral brachial plexus.<ref name="

...McArtor] [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Krista_Polanin Krista Polanin] and [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Elaine_Lonnemann Elaine Lonneman]<br> ...FOP" />The name Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva means that ligaments and tendons are also turning to bone not just muscle which differentiates it fr

...ng and advice to remain active. The change was evaluated using the initial and four week [[Oswestry Disability Index]] score. Although both groups showed ...of a Classification Approach to Physical Therapy.] Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 37 (6), 290-302</ref>

...active ([[Paraspinal Muscles|muscles]]), passive (osteoligamentous spine), and neural components is necessary to prevent [[Lumbar Instability|instability] ...nts result in various forces acting on the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] and [[sacrum]], that is:

== Why Use Fitness and Performance Testing in Sport? == ...tration. In Haff GG, Triplett NT, editors. Essentials of strength training and conditioning 4th edition. Human kinetics; 2015 Sep 23.</ref>:

...remity from the trunk<ref>Dutton, M. Orthopaedic: Examination, evaluation, and intervention (2nd ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, 2008.</ref *Allow for adjustments of the scapula (tipping and internal/external rotation) outside the initial plane of the scapula in ord

...that involve chronic (long-standing) muscle inflammation, muscle weakness, and, in some cases, muscle pain. [[Myopathies|Myopathy]] is a general medical t ...atment of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies]. Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease. 2011 Dec;3(6):315-24. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

...0282X Radiographic analysis of lateral epicondylitis]. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2002 Mar 1;11(2):156-7.</ref> | '''Patient age'''

...ily living. It should allow us to create individual, patient-centred goals and ultimately a tailor-made treatment plan based on the client's needs. Name, Age, Gender, Occupation, Dominant hand, Address.<ref>Neurological Physiotherapy

...yndrome|Ehler-Danlos Syndrome]] (EDS), [[Marfan Syndrome|Marfan]] Syndrome and [[Osteogenesis Imperfecta]].<ref name=":0">Neki NS, Chhabra A. Benign Joint ...st affect the joints. It can also affect [[skin]] extensibility, digestion and in more severe connective tissue disorders like Marfan Syndrome, it can aff

...gative impact on work life or unemployment can negatively affect physical and mental health needing more medical consultations. ...tter social support and financial independence; it is a source of identity and contributes to peoples’ social status.<ref name=":2" /> Return to work (R

...living body<ref name=":0">Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system-e-book: foundations for rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016 Nov The thorax is formed by the thoracic vertebrae ,the ribs and the sternum.

Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition affecting males, and it often isn't diagnosed until adulthood, results when a boy is born with a ...effects of Klinefelter syndrome vary, and not everyone has the same signs and symptoms.

...J, Buskila D. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: clinical features and pathogenic mechanisms. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9(12):741-750.</ref><ref nam ...h that a genetic component has a possible place in the role of development and diagnosis of the disease<ref name="Terzi" /><ref name="Nascimento et al." /

...health issues, cardio-respiratory function, pediatric physical challenges and neurological rehabilitation have opened a wider scope of practice ...fee is independently set by the GP and can vary between service providers and geographical areas. Most New Zealanders are now enrolled with GPs who are p

...o other quadrants of the labrum. Unlike [[Bankart lesion|Bankart lesions]] and anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion (ALPSA) lesions, they ...se are associated with Bankart lesions and in older patients (>40 years of age) they are seen with rotator cuff tears.<ref name=":2" />

...tem. A wide range of neurological manifestations have been reported during and post covid conditions.<br><br> ...m/science/article/pii/S0092867420310709 Effects of COVID-19 on the nervous system]. Cell. 2020 Aug 19.</ref>

...lt of diabetic foot. The patient in this case was diagnosed at a young age and had a right transfemoral amputation. ...V antibiotics. His physiotherapy treatment began day 2 post- op in the ICU and continued throughout his hospital stay.<br><br>Past Medical History:

...uscle may cause weakness or paralysis in the presence of an intact nervous system.  ...Eg. [[Polymyositis]]. And Diseases that are secondary to another condition and may have caused muscle damage, Eg. diseases due to endocrine issues .

# Provide support and protection ...thoses will be discussed in this page: the knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) and the hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis (HKAFO).<ref name=":0">Fisher, D. Introduc

...dsley C, & Contreras B, The functional movement screen: A review. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 2014; 36(5): 72-80. </ref> ...gram of corrective exercises is then developed with the goal of preventing musculoskeletal injuries.

..., effects are mild, largely causing muscle weakness and movement problems, and many are transitory. Only rarely will patients become dependent on a wheelc ...c disorder of the [[Immune System|immune system]]<ref name=":0" />[[Immune System|.]]

...t cause arthritis, RA patients tend to complain of an exacerbation of pain and ache during the winter season<ref>Paturel ''A.'' Why is Arthritis Worse in The seasonal parameters - atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity have known to cause a flare-up in RA or trigger the disease.

...dless of age. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that children and young people aged 5-17 participate in at least 60 minutes of moderate to vi ...the implications for junior athletes”.] American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2018;6(3):72-8.</ref>.

== Posture and Posture Control == ...generated by complex interactions of musculoskeletal and neuronal systems and are defined as&nbsp;[http://slideplayer.com/slide/5287924/ postural control

...hese may all vary slightly in the way they are worded they are all similar and can be summarised to: ...oup of permanent, but not unchanging, disorders of movement and/or posture and of motor function, which are due to a non-progressive interference, lesion,

...0 to 80% of all thyroid cancer cells) – develops from the follicular cells and tends to grow slowly # Follicular (about 15 to 20%) – develops from the follicular cells and includes Hürthle cell carcinoma, a less common subtype.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Adam Ruff|Adam Ruff]] and [[User:Christian Filer|Christian Filer]] as part of the [[Temple University ...is for treatment. Diagnosing hand and wrist conditions is often difficult and for this reason, bilateral comparison can be useful<ref name=":0" />

.... Posture and posturology, anatomical and physiological profiles: overview and current state of art. Acta Biomed. 2017 Apr 28;88(1):11-16. doi: 10.23750/a ...6284634/ Swartz EE, Floyd RT, Cendoma M. Cervical spine functional anatomy and the biomechanics of injury due to compressive loading. J Athl Train. 2005 J

...NA®. 2019 Nov 3;1(1).</ref>{{#ev:youtube|WiRm0Fj8esw}}<ref>Drs. Viral Jain and James McCarthy. Neuromuscular scoliosis. Available from:https://www.youtube ...nction of muscle fiber." <ref>National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Myopathy. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-informat

* a possible widening of the space between the 1st and 2nd toes<ref name=":0" /> # '''Flexible''': the heel and forefoot can be easily moved into proper alignment using gentle manual mani

...nt (observation and tests). It also introduces the Proposed Classification System for the Cervical Spine. ...n taking a patient’s history.</blockquote>'''L: Location''' '''of symptoms and level of functional impairment'''

...m in our system, known as hyperkalemia, can cause serious health problems. And people with [[Chronic Kidney Disease|kidney disease]] are more prone to dev ...yperkalemia, the prognosis is excellent if the inciting cause is addressed and treated. Sudden onset, extreme hyperkalemia can cause cardiac arrhythmias t

* SLE may affect many organ systems with immune complexes and a large array of autoantibodies, particularly antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) ...erview of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis, classification, and management.] Cureus. 2022 Oct 15;14(10).</ref>

...threats to the well-being of the workers corroborated by the rise of many musculoskeletal disorders in the lower back. ...data of previous studies, the risk of facet joint syndrome gets higher as age advances.

...and Care Linda P. Fried, Luigi Ferrucci,Jonathan Darer,Jeff D. Williamson, and Gerard Anderson; Journal of Gerontology. 2004, Vol. 59, No. 3, 255–263</ ...Kristensena, Gitte Holmb, Klaus Kirketerp-Møllerb,Michael Krasheninnikoffb and Peter Gebuhrb Very low survival rates after non-traumatic lower limb amputa

...nfluence the make-up and strength of neural signals in the central nervous system. This is referred to experience-dependent neural plasticity.<ref name="Nels ...ents that may hinder his/or ability to move and function as they get older and larger. Thus, early physiotherapy intervention may help prevent a child wit

...alence of chronic low back pain is around 23 percent. Moreover, between 11 and 12 percent of the population are considered disabled by low back pain.<ref> ...k pain and inflammatory conditions, as well as discussing other [[The Flag System|red flag]] features that should always be considered.

...hildren and adolescents with Down syndrome: a systematic review.] Clinical and experimental paediatrics. 2022;65(3):142–149. </ref><ref name=":1">Sheil ...olds, depressed nasal bridge, abundant neck skin, macroglossia, hypotonia, and single palmar crease. In addition to delayed milestones, intellectual disab

...ngın HB, Sözer GA, Şengün N, Kukulu K. The relationship between depression and sexual function in menopause period. Maturitas. 2008;61(3):233–7.</ref> ...the decline of ovarian function, the average age is between 40-51 years of age.

...ty, [[balance]] and postural control issues that occur due to [[Vestibular System|vestibular]] dysfunction.<ref name=":0">Tonks B. Introduction to Vestibular ...s, therefore, essential to have a detailed understanding of the vestibular system when treating this patient group.