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'''Top Contributors'''&nbsp;-<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;Alicia Dupilka&nbsp;</span>
'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Alicia Dupilka|Alicia Dupilka]]


'''Original Editors&nbsp;'''- {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}  
'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}&nbsp; &nbsp;
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== Introduction ==
 
= Resources for Physical Therapists and the Families of the Pediatric Population<br>  =
 
This section is dedicated to the rare conditions diagnosed in the pediatric population. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Kosair.jpg|120x132px]]
 
'''Kosair Childrens Hospital''' <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Look into conditions and services<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Find a doctor<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • See current news<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Visit their health library<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • [http://www.kosairchildrens.com/ http://www.kosairchildrens.com/]
 
<br> '''Pediatric Leukemias'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • In depth resource of pediatric leukemias<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • [http://www.chop.edu/service/oncology/cancers-explained/leukemia-diagnosis-and-treatment.html http://www.chop.edu/service/oncology/cancers-explained/leukemia-diagnosis-and-treatment.html]
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Logo.gif]]
 
'''Pediatric Rheumatology'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Review of childhood sarcoidosis <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • [http://www.ped-rheum.com/content/6/1/16 http://www.ped-rheum.com/content/6/1/16]
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Msf.jpg|120x132px]]
 
'''Multiple Sclerosis Foundation'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Insight on pediatric MS<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Coping with MS<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • [http://www.msfocus.org/article-details.aspx?articleID=374 http://www.msfocus.org/article-details.aspx?articleID=374]
 
<br> '''Failure to Thrive'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Clinical key by Elsevier <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • In depth overview of diagnosis<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • [https://www.clinicalkey.com/topics/pediatrics/failure-to-thrive.html https://www.clinicalkey.com/topics/pediatrics/failure-to-thrive.html]
 
<br>
 
'''National Organization for Rare Diseases'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Search the rare disease database and download the free report<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • [http://www.rarediseases.org/rare-disease-information/rare-diseases http://www.rarediseases.org/rare-disease-information/rare-diseases]
 
<br> '''The Global Genes Project'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Learn what they are about<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Get involved<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Resources available <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Search their RARE list at [http://globalgenes.org/rarelist/ http://globalgenes.org/rarelist/] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Search their RARE facts at [http://globalgenes.org/rarefacts/ http://globalgenes.org/rarefacts/ ]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • [http://globalgenes.org/ http://globalgenes.org/ ]<br><br>
 
== Autism Spectrum Disorder and Autism<ref name="Autism Speaks">Autism Speaks. It's Time to Listen. Autism Speaks. http://www.autismspeaks.org/. Accessed June 27, 2013.</ref>&nbsp;[[Image:Autism ribbon.png|120x132px]] ==
 
'''Definition''': Group of complex disorders of the brain. Varying degrees of characteristics including: difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors.
 
<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): can display with intellectual disabilities, difficulties in coordination and attention and physical health issues.<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• Autism: most obvious signs and symptoms tend to emerge between 2 and 3 years old <br>
 
<br>
 
'''How common is Autism and ASD?'''&nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• ASD<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Affects over 2 million individuals in the United States<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• Autism <br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Effects ~1:88 children <br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o ~4-5 more times likely in boys than girls<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o An estimated 1 out of 54 boys and 1 in 252 girls are diagnosed in the United States
 
<br>'''Causes'''<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• No one cause<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• Rare gene changes <br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• Most cases are a combination of gene changes and environmental factors<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• Risk factors (do not cause autism by themselves, but could have an influence when combined with genetic risk factors)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Clearest evidence involve events before and during birth<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Advance age at conception<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Maternal illness during pregnancy<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Difficulties during birth (ie. Oxygen deprivation)<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• Genetic risk factors (Autism tends to happen more frequently in the following conditions)<ref name="Autism Society">Autism Society. Improving the Lives of All Affected by Autism. Autism Society. http://www.autism-society.org/. Accessed June 27, 2013.</ref><br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Fragile X Syndrome<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Tuberous sclerosis<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Congenital rubella syndrome<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Untreated phenylketonuria (PKU)
 
<br>
 
'''How is ASD/Autism diagnosed?'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • No specific medical test<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Administer autism-specific behavioral evaluations<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Parents usually notice:<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Failure to make eye contact<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Not responding to their name<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Playing with toys in unusual or repetitive ways<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Other signs visit [http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/learn-signs http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/learn-signs]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • The Modified Checklist of Autism in Toddlers<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o List of informative questions about child<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Answers can indicate whether further evaluation by a specialist is needed
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; [[Image:Eac-block.jpg]]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Utilize this screening tool at [http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/diagnosis/screen-your-child www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/diagnosis/screen-your-child]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Typical diagnosis involves a multidisciplinary team<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Genetic testing may be recommended <br>
 
<br>'''Resources'''
 
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• '''Kentucky Autism Training Center'''<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Find specific services by region or county<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Examples of services include: hippo therapy, social skills group, community living supports and day care<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o [http://katcproviders.louisville.edu/ http://katcproviders.louisville.edu/]
 
<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• '''Autism Society of Kentuckiana''' <br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Become a memerb<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Find resources, learn about news and events<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Offers an autism dad’s group<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o [http://www.ask-lou.org/ http://www.ask-lou.org/]
 
<br>


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• '''Autism Speaks'''<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Has information on current news and research, family services and events around the United States<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o There is also a blog available; as well as ideas for autism apps<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o [http://www.autismspeaks.org/?utm_source=autismspeaks.org&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=primarymenu http://www.autismspeaks.org/?utm_source=autismspeaks.org&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;utm_campaign=primarymenu]<br>
This page contains resources for physiotherapists and families relating to rare conditions diagnosed within the pediatric population. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
== Autism Spectrum Disorder and Autism&nbsp;[[Image:Autism ribbon.png|120x132px]]  ==


<br>  
===Definition===
Group of complex disorders of the brain. Varying degrees of characteristics including: difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors<ref name="Autism Speaks">Autism Speaks. It's Time to Listen. Available from:http://www.autismspeaks.org/ (accessed 27/06/2013).</ref>.


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• '''National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke'''<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Fact sheet on ASD and Autism<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/detail_autism.htm http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/detail_autism.htm]<br>
* Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): can display with intellectual disabilities, difficulties in coordination and attention and physical health issues.
* Autism: most obvious signs and symptoms tend to emerge between 2 and 3 years old


<br>
===How Common Are Autism And ASD?&nbsp; ===
* ASD:  Affects over 2 million individuals in the United States
* Autism:
** Effects ~1:88 children 
** ~4-5 more times likely in boys than girls
** An estimated 1 out of 54 boys and 1 in 252 girls are diagnosed in the United States


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• '''Autism Research Institute'''<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Find out about current research<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o [http://www.autism.com/ http://www.autism.com/]
===Causes===
* No one cause
* Rare gene changes  Most cases are a combination of gene changes and environmental factor
* Risk factors (do not cause autism by themselves, but could have an influence when combined with genetic risk factors):
** Clearest evidence involve events before and during birth
** Advance age at conception
** Maternal illness during pregnancy
** Difficulties during birth (i.e. Oxygen deprivation)
* Genetic risk factors (Autism tends to happen more frequently in the following conditions)<ref name="Autism Society">Autism Society. Improving the Lives of All Affected by Autism. Available from: http://www.autism-society.org/ (Accessed 27/06/2013).</ref>
** Fragile X Syndrome
** Tuberous sclerosis
** Congenital rubella syndrome
** Untreated phenylketonuria (PKU)


<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;• '''Autism Society'''<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Has news, research and ways to get involved<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Section about living with Autism<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o [http://www.autism-society.org/ http://www.autism-society.org/]<br><br>
===How is ASD/Autism Diagnosed?===
* No specific medical test
* Administer autism-specific behavioural evaluations
* Parents usually notice:
** Failure to make eye contact
** Not responding to their name
** Playing with toys in unusual or repetitive ways  
** [http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/learn-signs Other signs]
* The Modified Checklist of Autism in Toddlers:
** List of informative questions about child
** Answers can indicate whether further evaluation by a specialist is needed
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; [[Image:Eac-block.jpg]]
** [https://www.autismspeaks.org/screen-your-child Screening tool]


<br>
* Typical diagnosis involves a multidisciplinary team
 
* Genetic testing may be recommended
<br>


===Resources for Autism===
'''Kentucky Autism Training Center'''
* [http://katcproviders.louisville.edu/ Find specific services by region or county]
* Examples of services include: hippo therapy, social skills group, community living supports and day care
'''Autism Society of Kentuckiana'''
* Become a member
* [http://www.ask-lou.org/ Find resources, learn about news and events]
* Offers an autism dad’s group
'''[https://www.autismspeaks.org/ Autism Speaks]'''
* Has information on current news and research, family services and events around the United States
* There is also a blog available; as well as ideas for autism apps<br>
'''National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke'''
* [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/detail_autism.htm Fact sheet] on ASD and Autism
'''Autism Research Institute'''
* Find out about current research
* http://www.autism.com/
'''[http://www.autism-society.org/ Autism Society]'''
* Has news, research and ways to get involved
* Section about living with Autism
== Cerebral Palsy (CP)&nbsp;[[Image:Cerebral-palsy-awareness-ribbon.jpg.png|120x132px]]  ==
== Cerebral Palsy (CP)&nbsp;[[Image:Cerebral-palsy-awareness-ribbon.jpg.png|120x132px]]  ==


'''Definition''': Disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by injury or abnormal development in the immature brain<ref name="Mayo">Mayo Clinic. Cerebral Palsy. Mayo Clinic Staff. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cerebral-palsy/DS00302/DSECTION=complications. Accessed 06/30/2013.</ref><br>
===Definition===
 
[[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|Cerebral Palsy]] describes a disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by injury or abnormal development in the immature brain.<ref name="Mayo">Mayo Clinic. Cerebral Palsy. Available from:http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cerebral-palsy/DS00302/DSECTION=complications (accessed 30/06/2013).</ref>
<br> '''How common is CP?&nbsp;<ref name="American Prego">American Pregnancy Association: Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. Cerebral Palsy. United Cerebral Palsy. http://americanpregnancy.org/birthdefects/cerebralpalsy.htm. Updated 03/2006. Accessed 06/30/2013.</ref>'''
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Usually not diagnosed until the age of 2 or 3<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • ~2-3:1,000 children over the age of three have the condition<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • ~500,000 children and adults have CP in the United States<br>
 
<br> '''Types<ref name="American Prego" /> '''
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Spastic<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o ~70-80% of cases<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Associated with stiff muscles, making movement difficult<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Spastic diplegia<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Both legs are affected<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Causes tight muscles in the hips and legs <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Inward turned legs leading to crossed knees (scissoring)  
 
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Diplegic cp.png]]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Spastic hemiplegia <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  One side of the body affected<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Arm often more affected than the leg
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Hemiplegic CP.png]]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Spastic quadriplegia <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Most severe<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  All four limbs and the trunk are affected<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Often also affect muscle of tongue and mouth<br>
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Quad cp.png]]
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Athetoid or Dyskinetic<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o 10-20% of cases<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Affects entire body<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Fluctuations in muscle tone<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Uncontrolled movements<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Difficulty with<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Learning to control body<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Sucking<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Swallowing<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Speech<br>
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Ataxic <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o 5-10% of cases<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Affects balance and coordination<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Unsteady gait<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Difficulty with motions that require precise coordination<br>
 
<br> '''Causes<ref name="Mayo" />'''
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Abnormality or disruption in brain development<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Random mutations in genes<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Infections of the mother that would affect the developing baby<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Disruption of blood supply to the developing brain<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Lack of oxygen to the baby’s brain<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Infant infections leading to inflammation around the brain<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Traumatic head injury<br>
 
<br> '''Risk factors<ref name="Mayo" />'''
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Mother’s health<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Certain infections or health problems significantly increase the chance to giving birth to a baby with CP<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Rubella<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Syphilis<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Chickenpox<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Other conditions can be found at [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cerebral-palsy/DS00302/DSECTION=risk-factors http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cerebral-palsy/DS00302/DSECTION=risk-factors]
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Infant’s health<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Certain illnesses in a newborn significantly increase the chance of the baby developing CP<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Bacterial meningitis<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Severe or untreated jaundice (yellowing of the skin)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Viral encephalitis <br>
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Other factors<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Premature birth<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Low birth weight<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Breech births<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Multiple babies
 
<br> '''How is CP diagnosed?<ref name="Mayo" />'''
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Signs and symptoms usually appear during infancy or preschool years<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Impaired movement associated with:<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Exaggerated reflexes or rigidity of the limbs and trunk<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Abnormal posture<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Involuntary movements<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Unsteadiness of walking<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Combination of these<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Other signs and symptoms can be viewed at [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cerebral-palsy/DS00302/DSECTION=symptoms http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cerebral-palsy/DS00302/DSECTION=symptoms]<br>
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Brain scans<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o MRI: usually the preferred test to use, will usually be given a mild sedative to remain still<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Cranial ultrasound: can provide a preliminary assessment, placed over the soft spot (fontanel) of the baby’s head<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o CT scan: will likely be given a mild sedative to remain still<br>
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Electroencephalogram (EEG)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Done if the child has a history of seizures<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Records the electrical activity of the brain<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Used to determine if child has epilepsy <br>
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Lab tests<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Blood is checked to rule out other conditions<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o May also screen for metabolic or genetic problems<br>  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Additional tests<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o If diagnosed with CP, may go through these other tests to screen for other associated conditions<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Vision impairment<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Hearing impairment<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Speech delays or impairments<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Intellectual disabilities or mental retardation<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Other developmental delays<br>
===How Common is CP?&nbsp;<ref name="American Prego">American Pregnancy Association: Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. Cerebral Palsy. United Cerebral Palsy. Available from:http://americanpregnancy.org/birthdefects/cerebralpalsy.htm (accessed 30/06/2013).</ref>===
* Usually not diagnosed until the age of 2 or 3
* ~2-3:1,000 children over the age of three have the condition
* ~500,000 children and adults have CP in the United States


<br> '''Resources'''<br>  
===Types<ref name="American Prego" /> ===
* [[Spasticity|Spastic]]:
** ~70-80% of cases
** Associated with stiff muscles, making movement difficult
** Spastic diplegia:
*** Both legs are affected
*** Causes tight muscles in the hips and legs 
*** Inward turned legs leading to crossed knees (scissoring)
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Diplegic cp.png]]
** Spastic hemiplegia: 
*** One side of the body affected
*** Arm often more affected than the leg
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Hemiplegic CP.png]]
** Spastic quadriplegia:
*** Most severe
*** All four limbs and the trunk are affected
*** Often also affect muscle of tongue and mouth<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Quad cp.png]]
* Athetoid or Dyskinetic:
** 10-20% of cases
** Affects entire body
** Fluctuations in muscle tone
** Uncontrolled movements
** Difficulty with:
*** Learning to control body
*** Sucking
*** Swallowing
*** Speech


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; • '''MyChild™'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Their mission: “to provide you with the most comprehensive resource and compassionate voice for all things related to caring for a child with cerebral palsy, and other neurological conditions. We strive, everyday, to be your ULTIMATE Resource for EVERYTHING Cerebral Palsy.”<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o [http://cerebralpalsy.org/ http://cerebralpalsy.org/]  
* Ataxic
** 5-10% of cases
** Affects [[balance]] and coordination:
*** Unsteady [[gait]]
*** Difficulty with motions that require precise coordination


<br>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; • '''Cerebral Palsy Resources'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o [http://cerebralpalsy.org/ http://cerebralpalsyresources.com/kentucky]<br>
===Causes<ref name="Mayo" />===
* Abnormality or disruption in brain development
* Random mutations in genes
* Infections of the mother that would affect the developing baby
* Disruption of blood supply to the developing brain
* Lack of oxygen to the baby’s brain
* Infant infections leading to inflammation around the brain
* [[Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic head injury]]


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
===Risk Factors<ref name="Mayo" />===
* Mother’s health:
** Certain infections or health problems significantly increase the chance to giving birth to a baby with CP:
*** Rubella
*** Syphilis
*** Chickenpox
*** [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cerebral-palsy/DS00302/DSECTION=risk-factors Other conditions]


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; • '''Mattingly Center, Inc.'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Cerebral Palsy School of Louisville, Inc.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Their mission “To provide the highest quality of structured day services for adults with severe developmental disabilities.”<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o [http://www.mattinglycenter.org/aboutus.html http://www.mattinglycenter.org/aboutus.html]<br>
* Infant’s health:
** Certain illnesses in a newborn significantly increase the chance of the baby developing CP:
*** Bacterial meningitis
*** Severe or untreated jaundice (yellowing of the skin)
*** Viral encephalitis


&nbsp; &nbsp;<br>
* Other factors:
 
** Premature birth
<br>
** Low birth weight
 
** Breech births
<br>
** Multiple babies


== Down Syndrome <ref name="NDSS">National Down Syndrome Society. Down Syndrome. National Down Syndrome Society. http://www.ndss.org/Down-Syndrome/What-Is-Down-Syndrome/. Published 2012. Accessed June 24, 2013.</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Down.syndrome.ribbon.magnet.jpg|120x132px]] ==
===How is CP Diagnosed?<ref name="Mayo" />===
* Signs and symptoms usually appear during infancy or preschool years:
** Impaired movement associated with:
*** Exaggerated [[reflexes]] or rigidity of the limbs and trunk
*** Abnormal [[posture]]
*** Involuntary movements
*** Unsteadiness of walking
*** Combination of these
*** [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cerebral-palsy/DS00302/DSECTION=symptoms Other signs and symptoms]


'''Definition''': Genetic disorder occurring when the individual has full or a partial copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material causes an alteration in the development of the child.
* Brain scans:
** [[MRI Scans|MRI]]: usually the preferred test to use, will usually be given a mild sedative to remain still
** Cranial [[Ultrasound Scans|ultrasound]]: can provide a preliminary assessment, placed over the soft spot (fontanel) of the baby’s head
** [[CT Scans|CT scan]]: will likely be given a mild sedative to remain still


<br>'''How common is Down Syndrome?'''
* Electroencephalogram (EEG):
** Done if the child has a history of seizures
** Records the electrical activity of the brain
** Used to determine if child has epilepsy


<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Most common genetic disorder<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • ~1:691 babies are born each year with Down’s Syndrome<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • ~6,000 babies are born each year with Down’s Syndrome
* Lab tests:
** Blood is checked to rule out other conditions
** May also screen for metabolic or genetic problems


<br>'''Types'''
* Additional tests:
** If diagnosed with CP, may go through these other tests to screen for other associated conditions:
*** Vision impairment
*** Hearing impairment
*** Speech delays or impairments
*** Intellectual disabilities or mental retardation
*** Other developmental delays<br>


<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Trisomy 21 (Nondisjunction)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; o The pair of the 21st chromosome fails to separate <br>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; o Extra chromosome is replicated in every cell in the body<br>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; o Accounts for ~95% of cases
===Resources for Cerebral Palsy===
'''[http://cerebralpalsy.org/ MyChild™]:'''
* Their mission: “to provide you with the most comprehensive resource and compassionate voice for all things related to caring for a child with cerebral palsy, and other neurological conditions. We strive, everyday, to be your ULTIMATE Resource for EVERYTHING Cerebral Palsy.”
'''[http://cerebralpalsyresources.com/kentucky Cerebral Palsy Resources]'''


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Nondisjunction Cell Division.jpg]]<br> <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Mosaicism<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Nondisjunction takes place in chromosome 21 in one cell but not all cells<br>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; o Accounts for ~1% of cases<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o May have fewer characteristics than other types of Down’s Syndrome
'''[http://www.mattinglycenter.org/aboutus.html Mattingly Center, Inc.]'''
* Cerebral Palsy School of Louisville, Inc.
* Their mission “To provide the highest quality of structured day services for adults with severe developmental disabilities.”
==  &nbsp;Down Syndrome&nbsp;[[Image:Down.syndrome.ribbon.magnet.jpg|120x132px]] ==


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[[Image:Mosaicism.jpg]]<br> <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Translocation<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Part of chromosome 21 breaks off during cell division and attaches to another chromosome, typically chromosome 14<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Accounts for ~4% of cases
===Definition===
[[Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)|Down's Syndrome]] is a genetic disorder occurring when the individual has full or a partial copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material causes an alteration in the development of the child.<ref name="NDSS">National Down Syndrome Society. Down Syndrome. National Down Syndrome Society. http://www.ndss.org/Down-Syndrome/What-Is-Down-Syndrome/. Published 2012. Accessed June 24, 2013.</ref>  


<br>'''Causes'''  
===How Common is Down's Syndrome?===
* Most common genetic disorder
* ~1:691 babies are born each year with Down’s Syndrome
* ~6,000 babies are born each year with Down’s Syndrome


<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Cause of nondisjunction is currently unknown<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Research suggests the likelihood increases as women age<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o No definitive research suggesting environmental factors of the parents before or during pregnancy
===Types===
* Trisomy 21 (Nondisjunction):
** The pair of the 21st chromosome fails to separate 
** Extra chromosome is replicated in every cell in the body
** Accounts for ~95% of cases
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Nondisjunction Cell Division.jpg]]
** Mosaicism:
*** Nondisjunction takes place in chromosome 21 in one cell but not all cells
*** Accounts for ~1% of cases
*** May have fewer characteristics than other types of Down’s Syndrome
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[[Image:Mosaicism.jpg]]<br>
** Translocation:
*** Part of chromosome 21 breaks off during cell division and attaches to another chromosome, typically chromosome 14
*** Accounts for ~4% of cases


===Causes===
* Cause of non-disjunction is currently unknown:
** Research suggests the likelihood increases as women age
** No definitive research suggesting environmental factors of the parents before or during pregnancy
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Maternal Age Chart2.png]]  
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Maternal Age Chart2.png]]  


*Note: Age 34 is not accurate. NDSS has noted the error but has yet to find out the correct information.
**Note: Age 34 is not accurate. NDSS has noted the error but has yet to find out the correct information.
 
<br>'''How is Down’s Syndrome Diagnosed? '''
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • Prenatally
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Screening tests<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;  Most only provide a probability<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  Blood test: measures quantities of various substances in the mother’s blood<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  Ultrasound: checks for “markers”
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; o Diagnostic tests<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Can provide a definite diagnosis with almost 100% accuracy <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Carry up to a 1% risk of causing a spontaneous termination <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Chorionic villus sampling (CVS): usually performed in first trimester between 9 and 11 weeks<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Amniocentesis: usually performed in the second trimester after 15 weeks
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • At birth
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Usually identified by certain physical traits<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Low muscle tone<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Single deep crease across the palm of the hand<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Slightly flattened facial profile <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Upward slant to the eyes
 
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Chromosomal analysis may also need to be done to confirm the diagnosis <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  This is done by drawing a sample of the baby’s blood <br>
 
<br>
 
'''Resources'''<br>&nbsp;
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • '''Down Syndrome of Louisville'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Lifelong learning center for individuals with DS<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o [http://www.downsyndromeoflouisville.org/ http://www.downsyndromeoflouisville.org/]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • '''National Down Syndrome Society'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Information about Down Syndrome<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Lists resources including:<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Publications<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Managing behavior<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Research<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  And more!<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o [http://www.ndss.org/Resources/ http://www.ndss.org/Resources/]<br>
===How is Down’s Syndrome Diagnosed? ===
<u>Prenatally</u>  
* Screening tests:
** Most only provide a probability
** Blood test: measures quantities of various substances in the mother’s blood
** [[Ultrasound Scans|Ultrasound]]: checks for “markers”


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • '''National Association for Down Syndrome'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Programs<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Resources and information<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o [http://www.nads.org/pages_new/resources.html http://www.nads.org/pages_new/resources.html]<br>
** Diagnostic tests:
*** Can provide a definite diagnosis with almost 100% accuracy 
*** Carry up to a 1% risk of causing a spontaneous termination 
*** Chorionic villus sampling (CVS): usually performed in first trimester between 9 and 11 weeks
*** Amniocentesis: usually performed in the second trimester after 15 weeks 


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • '''Real Life Down Syndrome'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Blog spot<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Gives insight on how to raise a child with DS<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Search resources by state<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o [http://reallifedownsyndrome-resources.blogspot.com/ http://reallifedownsyndrome-resources.blogspot.com/]<br>
<u>At birth</u>  
* Usually identified by certain physical traits:  
** Low muscle tone
** Single deep crease across the palm of the hand
** Slightly flattened facial profile 
** Upward slant to the eyes


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; • '''Kentucky Parent Support Groups'''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o Lists support groups by county<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o [http://dbhdid.ky.gov/dbh/files/oflsecb.pdf http://dbhdid.ky.gov/dbh/files/oflsecb.pdf]<br><br><br>
* Chromosomal analysis may also need to be done to confirm the diagnosis:
 
** This is done by drawing a sample of the baby’s blood
<br>
 
<br>


<br>
===Resources for Down Syndrome===
'''[http://www.downsyndromeoflouisville.org/ Down Syndrome of Louisville]'''
* Lifelong learning center for individuals with Down Syndrome


<br>  
* National Down Syndrome Society
** Information about Down Syndrome
** Lists [http://www.ndss.org/Resources/ resources] including:
*** Publications
*** Managing behavior
*** Research
*** And more!<br>
'''National Association for Down Syndrome'''
* Programs
* [http://www.nads.org/pages_new/resources.html Resources] and information<br>
'''Real Life Down Syndrome'''
* Blog spot
* Gives insight on how to raise a child with DS
* [http://reallifedownsyndrome-resources.blogspot.com/ Search resources by state]<br>
'''[http://dbhdid.ky.gov/dbh/files/oflsecb.pdf Kentucky Parent Support Groups]'''
* Lists support groups by county
== Activities and Equipment Sites for the Pediatric Population  ==
<div class="researchbox">Below are websites for you to look around for fun activities to enjoy outside of therapy sessions:
*'''[http://pinterest.com/pediastaff/ PediaStaff]'''
*[http://pinterest.com/ytherapysource/ '''Your Therapy Source''']
*[http://pinterest.com/motorsmartkids/ '''Starfish Therapies''']


== Recent Related Research for Autism (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==
<br> Below is a list of equipment sites for you to look around:  
<div class="researchbox">
<rss>Add FEED Here|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</rss>
</div>


== Recent Related Research for Cerebral Palsy (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==
*'''[http://equipmentshop.com/ Equipment Shop]'''
<div class="researchbox">
*'''[http://cascadeshop.com/ Cascade]'''
<rss>Add FEED Here|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</rss>
*[http://www.therapyshoppe.com/ '''Therapy Shoppe''']
*[http://www.flaghouse.com/ '''Flaghouse''']
*[http://www.rifton.com/ '''Rifton''']  
*[http://www.adaptivemall.com/ '''Adaptive Mall''']
*'''[https://store.schoolspecialty.com/OA_HTML/ibeCCtpSctDspRte.jsp?sname=Special+Needs&rootSection=95750&section=95750&minisite=10206 Abilitations]'''
*'''[http://funandfunction.com/ Fun and Function]'''
*'''[http://yellowbrickroadshop.com/ Yellow Brick Road Shop]'''
*'''[http://www.especialneeds.com/home.php eSpecial Needs]'''
</div>
</div>


== Recent Related Research for Down Syndrome (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==
== Resources ==
<div class="researchbox">
<rss>Add FEED Here|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</rss>
</div>


== Activities for the Pediatric Population ==
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Kosair.jpg|120x132px]]
<div class="researchbox">
<br>
</div>


'''Kosair Childrens Hospital'''
* Look into conditions and services
* Find a doctor
* See current news
* Visit their [http://www.kosairchildrens.com/ health library]
<br> '''Pediatric Leukemias'''
* The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
* In depth [http://www.chop.edu/service/oncology/cancers-explained/leukemia-diagnosis-and-treatment.html resource of pediatric leukemias]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Logo.gif]]
'''Pediatric Rheumatology'''
* [http://www.ped-rheum.com/content/6/1/16 Review of childhood sarcoidosis] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Msf.jpg|120x132px]]
'''Multiple Sclerosis Foundation'''
* Insight on pediatric MS
* [http://www.msfocus.org/article-details.aspx?articleID=374 Coping with MS]
<br> '''Failure to Thrive'''
* Clinical key by Elsevier
* [https://www.clinicalkey.com/topics/pediatrics/failure-to-thrive.html In depth overview of diagnosis]<br>
'''National Organization for Rare Diseases'''
* Search the [http://www.rarediseases.org/rare-disease-information/rare-diseases rare disease database] and download the free report
<br> '''The Global Genes Project'''
* [http://globalgenes.org/ Learn what they are about]
* Get involved
* Resources available:
** Search their [http://globalgenes.org/rarelist/ RARE list] 
** Search their [http://globalgenes.org/rarefacts/ RARE facts]
== References  ==
== References  ==


Line 225: Line 318:


[[Category:Bellarmine_Student_Project]]
[[Category:Bellarmine_Student_Project]]
[[Category:Cerebral_Palsy]]
[[Category:Paediatrics]]
[[Category:Resources - Paediatrics]]

Latest revision as of 12:21, 1 April 2020

Original Editor - Alicia Dupilka

Top Contributors - Alicia Dupilka, Elaine Lonnemann, Kim Jackson, Leana Louw, WikiSysop, Admin and Scott Buxton   


Introduction[edit | edit source]

This page contains resources for physiotherapists and families relating to rare conditions diagnosed within the pediatric population.                                                                                              

Autism Spectrum Disorder and Autism Autism ribbon.png[edit | edit source]

Definition[edit | edit source]

Group of complex disorders of the brain. Varying degrees of characteristics including: difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors[1].

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): can display with intellectual disabilities, difficulties in coordination and attention and physical health issues.
  • Autism: most obvious signs and symptoms tend to emerge between 2 and 3 years old

How Common Are Autism And ASD? [edit | edit source]

  • ASD: Affects over 2 million individuals in the United States
  • Autism:
    • Effects ~1:88 children
    • ~4-5 more times likely in boys than girls
    • An estimated 1 out of 54 boys and 1 in 252 girls are diagnosed in the United States

Causes[edit | edit source]

  • No one cause
  • Rare gene changes Most cases are a combination of gene changes and environmental factor
  • Risk factors (do not cause autism by themselves, but could have an influence when combined with genetic risk factors):
    • Clearest evidence involve events before and during birth
    • Advance age at conception
    • Maternal illness during pregnancy
    • Difficulties during birth (i.e. Oxygen deprivation)
  • Genetic risk factors (Autism tends to happen more frequently in the following conditions)[2]
    • Fragile X Syndrome
    • Tuberous sclerosis
    • Congenital rubella syndrome
    • Untreated phenylketonuria (PKU)

How is ASD/Autism Diagnosed?[edit | edit source]

  • No specific medical test
  • Administer autism-specific behavioural evaluations
  • Parents usually notice:
    • Failure to make eye contact
    • Not responding to their name
    • Playing with toys in unusual or repetitive ways
    • Other signs
  • The Modified Checklist of Autism in Toddlers:
    • List of informative questions about child
    • Answers can indicate whether further evaluation by a specialist is needed

            Eac-block.jpg

  • Typical diagnosis involves a multidisciplinary team
  • Genetic testing may be recommended

Resources for Autism[edit | edit source]

Kentucky Autism Training Center

Autism Society of Kentuckiana

Autism Speaks

  • Has information on current news and research, family services and events around the United States
  • There is also a blog available; as well as ideas for autism apps

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Autism Research Institute

Autism Society

  • Has news, research and ways to get involved
  • Section about living with Autism

Cerebral Palsy (CP) Cerebral-palsy-awareness-ribbon.jpg.png[edit | edit source]

Definition[edit | edit source]

Cerebral Palsy describes a disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by injury or abnormal development in the immature brain.[3]

How Common is CP? [4][edit | edit source]

  • Usually not diagnosed until the age of 2 or 3
  • ~2-3:1,000 children over the age of three have the condition
  • ~500,000 children and adults have CP in the United States

Types[4][edit | edit source]

  • Spastic:
    • ~70-80% of cases
    • Associated with stiff muscles, making movement difficult
    • Spastic diplegia:
      • Both legs are affected
      • Causes tight muscles in the hips and legs
      • Inward turned legs leading to crossed knees (scissoring)

                                 Diplegic cp.png

    • Spastic hemiplegia:
      • One side of the body affected
      • Arm often more affected than the leg

                           Hemiplegic CP.png

    • Spastic quadriplegia:
      • Most severe
      • All four limbs and the trunk are affected
      • Often also affect muscle of tongue and mouth

                   Quad cp.png

  • Athetoid or Dyskinetic:
    • 10-20% of cases
    • Affects entire body
    • Fluctuations in muscle tone
    • Uncontrolled movements
    • Difficulty with:
      • Learning to control body
      • Sucking
      • Swallowing
      • Speech
  • Ataxic
    • 5-10% of cases
    • Affects balance and coordination:
      • Unsteady gait
      • Difficulty with motions that require precise coordination

Causes[3][edit | edit source]

  • Abnormality or disruption in brain development
  • Random mutations in genes
  • Infections of the mother that would affect the developing baby
  • Disruption of blood supply to the developing brain
  • Lack of oxygen to the baby’s brain
  • Infant infections leading to inflammation around the brain
  • Traumatic head injury

Risk Factors[3][edit | edit source]

  • Mother’s health:
    • Certain infections or health problems significantly increase the chance to giving birth to a baby with CP:
  • Infant’s health:
    • Certain illnesses in a newborn significantly increase the chance of the baby developing CP:
      • Bacterial meningitis
      • Severe or untreated jaundice (yellowing of the skin)
      • Viral encephalitis
  • Other factors:
    • Premature birth
    • Low birth weight
    • Breech births
    • Multiple babies

How is CP Diagnosed?[3][edit | edit source]

  • Signs and symptoms usually appear during infancy or preschool years:
    • Impaired movement associated with:
  • Brain scans:
    • MRI: usually the preferred test to use, will usually be given a mild sedative to remain still
    • Cranial ultrasound: can provide a preliminary assessment, placed over the soft spot (fontanel) of the baby’s head
    • CT scan: will likely be given a mild sedative to remain still
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG):
    • Done if the child has a history of seizures
    • Records the electrical activity of the brain
    • Used to determine if child has epilepsy
  • Lab tests:
    • Blood is checked to rule out other conditions
    • May also screen for metabolic or genetic problems
  • Additional tests:
    • If diagnosed with CP, may go through these other tests to screen for other associated conditions:
      • Vision impairment
      • Hearing impairment
      • Speech delays or impairments
      • Intellectual disabilities or mental retardation
      • Other developmental delays

Resources for Cerebral Palsy[edit | edit source]

MyChild™:

  • Their mission: “to provide you with the most comprehensive resource and compassionate voice for all things related to caring for a child with cerebral palsy, and other neurological conditions. We strive, everyday, to be your ULTIMATE Resource for EVERYTHING Cerebral Palsy.”

Cerebral Palsy Resources

Mattingly Center, Inc.

  • Cerebral Palsy School of Louisville, Inc.
  • Their mission “To provide the highest quality of structured day services for adults with severe developmental disabilities.”

 Down Syndrome Down.syndrome.ribbon.magnet.jpg[edit | edit source]

Definition[edit | edit source]

Down's Syndrome is a genetic disorder occurring when the individual has full or a partial copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material causes an alteration in the development of the child.[5]

How Common is Down's Syndrome?[edit | edit source]

  • Most common genetic disorder
  • ~1:691 babies are born each year with Down’s Syndrome
  • ~6,000 babies are born each year with Down’s Syndrome

Types[edit | edit source]

  • Trisomy 21 (Nondisjunction):
    • The pair of the 21st chromosome fails to separate
    • Extra chromosome is replicated in every cell in the body
    • Accounts for ~95% of cases

          Nondisjunction Cell Division.jpg

    • Mosaicism:
      • Nondisjunction takes place in chromosome 21 in one cell but not all cells
      • Accounts for ~1% of cases
      • May have fewer characteristics than other types of Down’s Syndrome

         Mosaicism.jpg

    • Translocation:
      • Part of chromosome 21 breaks off during cell division and attaches to another chromosome, typically chromosome 14
      • Accounts for ~4% of cases

Causes[edit | edit source]

  • Cause of non-disjunction is currently unknown:
    • Research suggests the likelihood increases as women age
    • No definitive research suggesting environmental factors of the parents before or during pregnancy

          Maternal Age Chart2.png

    • Note: Age 34 is not accurate. NDSS has noted the error but has yet to find out the correct information.

How is Down’s Syndrome Diagnosed?[edit | edit source]

Prenatally

  • Screening tests:
    • Most only provide a probability
    • Blood test: measures quantities of various substances in the mother’s blood
    • Ultrasound: checks for “markers”
    • Diagnostic tests:
      • Can provide a definite diagnosis with almost 100% accuracy
      • Carry up to a 1% risk of causing a spontaneous termination
      • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS): usually performed in first trimester between 9 and 11 weeks
      • Amniocentesis: usually performed in the second trimester after 15 weeks

At birth

  • Usually identified by certain physical traits:
    • Low muscle tone
    • Single deep crease across the palm of the hand
    • Slightly flattened facial profile
    • Upward slant to the eyes
  • Chromosomal analysis may also need to be done to confirm the diagnosis:
    • This is done by drawing a sample of the baby’s blood

Resources for Down Syndrome[edit | edit source]

Down Syndrome of Louisville

  • Lifelong learning center for individuals with Down Syndrome
  • National Down Syndrome Society
    • Information about Down Syndrome
    • Lists resources including:
      • Publications
      • Managing behavior
      • Research
      • And more!

National Association for Down Syndrome

Real Life Down Syndrome

Kentucky Parent Support Groups

  • Lists support groups by county

Activities and Equipment Sites for the Pediatric Population[edit | edit source]

Below are websites for you to look around for fun activities to enjoy outside of therapy sessions:


Below is a list of equipment sites for you to look around:

Resources[edit | edit source]

            Kosair.jpg

Kosair Childrens Hospital

  • Look into conditions and services
  • Find a doctor
  • See current news
  • Visit their health library


Pediatric Leukemias

  • The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
  • In depth resource of pediatric leukemias
                                            Logo.gif

Pediatric Rheumatology

Multiple Sclerosis Foundation


Failure to Thrive

National Organization for Rare Diseases


The Global Genes Project

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Autism Speaks. It's Time to Listen. Available from:http://www.autismspeaks.org/ (accessed 27/06/2013).
  2. ↑ Autism Society. Improving the Lives of All Affected by Autism. Available from: http://www.autism-society.org/ (Accessed 27/06/2013).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Mayo Clinic. Cerebral Palsy. Available from:http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cerebral-palsy/DS00302/DSECTION=complications (accessed 30/06/2013).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 American Pregnancy Association: Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. Cerebral Palsy. United Cerebral Palsy. Available from:http://americanpregnancy.org/birthdefects/cerebralpalsy.htm (accessed 30/06/2013).
  5. ↑ National Down Syndrome Society. Down Syndrome. National Down Syndrome Society. http://www.ndss.org/Down-Syndrome/What-Is-Down-Syndrome/. Published 2012. Accessed June 24, 2013.

 

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