10 Metre Walk Test: Difference between revisions
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'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Sinead Greenan|Sinead Greenan]] | '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Sinead Greenan|Sinead Greenan]] | ||
'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} | '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} | ||
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== Objective<br> == | == Objective<br> == | ||
The '''10 Metre Walk Test''' is a performance measure used to assess walking speed in metres per second over a short distance. It can be employed to determine functional mobility, gait and vestibular function.<br> | The '''10 Metre Walk Test''' is a performance measure used to assess walking speed in metres per second over a short distance. It can be employed to determine functional mobility, gait and vestibular function.<br> | ||
== Intended Population<br> == | == Intended Population<br> == | ||
Preschool children (2-5 years), children (6-12 years), adolescents (13-17 years), adults (18-64 years), alderly adults (65+) with a range of diagnoses including: | Preschool children (2-5 years), children (6-12 years), adolescents (13-17 years), adults (18-64 years), alderly adults (65+) with a range of diagnoses including: | ||
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*<u>Maximum speed trials</u>: “I will say ready, set, go. When I say go, walk as fast as you safely can until I say stop”<br> | *<u>Maximum speed trials</u>: “I will say ready, set, go. When I say go, walk as fast as you safely can until I say stop”<br> | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
== Interpretation of results == | == Interpretation of results == | ||
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'''Stroke:'''<br>(n = 25; mean age = 72 years; stroke onset = 2 to 6 years, Chronic Stroke)<br>Test-retest assessed three times within a single session: | '''Stroke:'''<br>(n = 25; mean age = 72 years; stroke onset = 2 to 6 years, Chronic Stroke)<br>Test-retest assessed three times within a single session: | ||
*<ref name="Collen et al">Collen, F., Wade, D., et al. "Mobility after stroke: reliability of measures of impairment and disability." Disability &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Rehabilitation 1990 12(1): 6-9</ref> Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.95 to 0.99)<br> | *<ref name="Collen et al">Collen, F., Wade, D., et al. "Mobility after stroke: reliability of measures of impairment and disability." Disability &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Rehabilitation 1990 12(1): 6-9</ref> Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.95 to 0.99)<br> | ||
*<ref name="Flansbjer et al">Flansbjer, U. B., Holmback, A. M., et al. "Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke." J Rehabil Med 2005 37(2): 75-82</ref> Excellent reliability for comfortable (ICC = 0.94) and fast (ICC = 0.97) gait speeds | *<ref name="Flansbjer et al">Flansbjer, U. B., Holmback, A. M., et al. "Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke." J Rehabil Med 2005 37(2): 75-82</ref> Excellent reliability for comfortable (ICC = 0.94) and fast (ICC = 0.97) gait speeds | ||
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'''Stroke:'''<br> | '''Stroke:'''<br> | ||
*Excellent intrarater reliability; ICC = 0.87 to 0.88 <ref name="Collen et al">Collen, F., Wade, D., et al. "Mobility after stroke: reliability of measures of impairment and disability." Disability &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Rehabilitation 1999 12(1): 6-9</ref> | *Excellent intrarater reliability; ICC = 0.87 to 0.88 <ref name="Collen et al">Collen, F., Wade, D., et al. "Mobility after stroke: reliability of measures of impairment and disability." Disability &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Rehabilitation 1999 12(1): 6-9</ref> | ||
(Wolf et al, 1999; n = 28 with history of stroke; mean age = 56.04 (12.80) years; mean time since lesion = 13.59 (12.30) months, Chronic Stroke)<br> | (Wolf et al, 1999; n = 28 with history of stroke; mean age = 56.04 (12.80) years; mean time since lesion = 13.59 (12.30) months, Chronic Stroke)<br> | ||
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Predictive Validity <ref name="Paltamaa et al">Paltamaa, J., Sarasoja, T., et al. "Measures of physical functioning predict self-reported performance in self-care, mobility, and domestic life in ambulatory persons with multiple sclerosis." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2007 88(12): 1649-1657</ref>: | Predictive Validity <ref name="Paltamaa et al">Paltamaa, J., Sarasoja, T., et al. "Measures of physical functioning predict self-reported performance in self-care, mobility, and domestic life in ambulatory persons with multiple sclerosis." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2007 88(12): 1649-1657</ref>: | ||
*Excellent correlation with dependence in self-care (r = 0.60 - 0.87) at comfortable speed<br> | *Excellent correlation with dependence in self-care (r = 0.60 - 0.87) at comfortable speed<br> | ||
*Adequate to Excellent correlation with dependence in mobility (r = 0.34 - 0.74) at comfortable speed | *Adequate to Excellent correlation with dependence in mobility (r = 0.34 - 0.74) at comfortable speed | ||
*Adequate to excellent correlation with dependence in domestic life (r = 0.34 - 0.81) at comfortable speed | *Adequate to excellent correlation with dependence in domestic life (r = 0.34 - 0.81) at comfortable speed | ||
'''Stroke:'''<br>(Tyson & Connell, 2009; n = 40, review article of 17 measures, Stroke)<br> | '''Stroke:'''<br>(Tyson & Connell, 2009; n = 40, review article of 17 measures, Stroke)<br> | ||
Predictive Validity <ref name="Tyson and Connell">Tyson, S. and Connell, L. "The psychometric properties and clinical utility of measures of walking and mobility in neurological conditions: a systematic review." Clin Rehabil 2009 23(11): 1018-1033</ref>: | Predictive Validity <ref name="Tyson and Connell">Tyson, S. and Connell, L. "The psychometric properties and clinical utility of measures of walking and mobility in neurological conditions: a systematic review." Clin Rehabil 2009 23(11): 1018-1033</ref>: | ||
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*Excellent correlation with Barthel Index (r = 0.78 | *Excellent correlation with Barthel Index (r = 0.78 | ||
<u></u> | <u></u> | ||
<u>[http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/constval.php Construct Validity]</u> | <u>[http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/constval.php Construct Validity]</u> | ||
<u></u>'''Healthy Adults:'''<br> | <u></u>'''Healthy Adults:'''<br> | ||
*Poor correlation with BBT (r = 0.052) | *Poor correlation with BBT (r = 0.052) | ||
*Adequate correlation with FRT (r = 0.307) <ref name="Wolf et al">Wolf, S. L., Catlin, P. A., et al. "Establishing the reliability and validity of measurements of walking time using the Emory Functional Ambulation Profile." Phys Ther 1999 79(12): 1122-1133</ref> | *Adequate correlation with FRT (r = 0.307) <ref name="Wolf et al">Wolf, S. L., Catlin, P. A., et al. "Establishing the reliability and validity of measurements of walking time using the Emory Functional Ambulation Profile." Phys Ther 1999 79(12): 1122-1133</ref> | ||
'''Hip Fracture:'''<br> | '''Hip Fracture:'''<br> | ||
*Excellent correlation with 6MWT (correlation coefficient = 0.82) | *Excellent correlation with 6MWT (correlation coefficient = 0.82) | ||
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=== Responsiveness === | === Responsiveness === | ||
'''Geriatrics:'''<br> | '''Geriatrics:'''<br> | ||
*Small meaningful change = 0.05 m/s | *Small meaningful change = 0.05 m/s | ||
*Substantial meaningful change = 0.10 m/s <ref name="Perera et al">Perera, S., Mody, S., et al. "Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006 54(5): 743-749</ref> | *Substantial meaningful change = 0.10 m/s <ref name="Perera et al">Perera, S., Mody, S., et al. "Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006 54(5): 743-749</ref> | ||
'''SCI:'''<br> | '''SCI:'''<br> | ||
*Smallest real difference = 0.13 m/s | *Smallest real difference = 0.13 m/s | ||
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*Mean change between 3 and 6 months post injury, effect size = 0.47 <ref name="Lam et al">Lam, T., Noonan, V., et al. "A systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injury." Spinal Cord 2007 46(4): 246-254</ref> | *Mean change between 3 and 6 months post injury, effect size = 0.47 <ref name="Lam et al">Lam, T., Noonan, V., et al. "A systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injury." Spinal Cord 2007 46(4): 246-254</ref> | ||
'''Stroke:'''<br> | '''Stroke:'''<br> | ||
*Small meaningful change = 0.05 m/s | *Small meaningful change = 0.05 m/s | ||
*Substantial meaningful change = 0.10 m/s <ref name="Perera et al">Perera, S., Mody, S., et al. "Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006 54(5): 743-749</ref> | *Substantial meaningful change = 0.10 m/s <ref name="Perera et al">Perera, S., Mody, S., et al. "Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006 54(5): 743-749</ref> | ||
=== Miscellaneous<br> === | === Miscellaneous<br> === | ||
== Links == | == Links == | ||
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== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed]) == | == Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed]) == | ||
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== Read 4 Credit == | == Read 4 Credit == | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Outcome_Measures]] | [[Category:Outcome_Measures]][[Category:Cerebral_Palsy]] | ||
Revision as of 19:56, 6 July 2016
Original Editor - Sinead Greenan
Top Contributors - Jo Etherton, Sinead Greenan, Kim Jackson, Evan Thomas, Admin, Laura Ritchie, Scott Buxton, Oyemi Sillo, WikiSysop, Lucinda hampton, Anas Mohamed, Padraig O Beaglaoich, Naomi O'Reilly, George Prudden, Lauren Lopez, Manisha Shrestha, 127.0.0.1 and Sidra Sayeeda
Objective
[edit | edit source]
The 10 Metre Walk Test is a performance measure used to assess walking speed in metres per second over a short distance. It can be employed to determine functional mobility, gait and vestibular function.
Intended Population
[edit | edit source]
Preschool children (2-5 years), children (6-12 years), adolescents (13-17 years), adults (18-64 years), alderly adults (65+) with a range of diagnoses including:
- Acquired Brain Injury
- Geriatrics
- Hip Fracture
- Lower Limb Amputation
- Movement Disorders
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Parkinson’s Disease
- Spinal Cord Injury
- Stroke
- Traumatic Brain Injury
Method of Use[edit | edit source]
Equipment Required
- Stopwatch
- A clear pathway with set distance (6, 8, 10 metres in length depending on distance tested)
Set Up
Measure and mark a 10-metre walkway
- Add a mark at 2-metres
- Add a mark at 8-metres
Instructions
- The individual walks without assistance for 10 metres, with the time measured for the intermediate 6 metres to allow for acceleration and deceleration
- Assistive devices may be used, but must be kept consistent and documented for each test
- Start timing when the toes pass the 2 metre mark
- Stop timing when the toes pass the 8 metre mark
- Can be tested at either preferred walking speed or maximum walking speed (ensure to document which was tested)
- Perform three trials and calculate the average of three trials
Patient Instructions
- Normal comfortable speed: “I will say ready, set, go. When I say go, walk at your normal comfortable speed until I say stop”
- Maximum speed trials: “I will say ready, set, go. When I say go, walk as fast as you safely can until I say stop”
Interpretation of results[edit | edit source]
Evidence[edit | edit source]
Reliability[edit | edit source]
The 10 metre walk test has demonstrated excellent reliability in many conditions including health adults, children with neuromuscular disease, Parkinsons, hip fracture, SCI, Strike and TBI:
Test-Retest Reliability
Children with Neuromuscular Disease:
(n = 29; mean age = 11.5 (3.5) years (6-16), Children with Neuromuscular Disease)
- Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.91) [1]
Healthy Adults:
- Excellent test-retest reliability for comfortable gait speed (r = 0.75 - 0.90) [2]
- Excellent test-retest reliability for comfortable and fastest gait speeds (ICC = 0.93 - 0.91) [3]
Hip Fracture:
- Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.823 with 95% CI = 0.565 to 0.934) [4]
Parkinson’s Disease or Parkinsonism:
- Excellent test-retest reliability for comfortable gait speed (ICC = 0.96)
- [5] Excellent test-retest reliability for maximum gait speed (ICC = 0.97)
SCI:
- [6]Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.97)
- [7]Excellent test-retest reliability (r = 0.983)
Stroke:
(n = 25; mean age = 72 years; stroke onset = 2 to 6 years, Chronic Stroke)
Test-retest assessed three times within a single session:
- [8] Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.95 to 0.99)
- [9] Excellent reliability for comfortable (ICC = 0.94) and fast (ICC = 0.97) gait speeds
TBI:
- [10] Excellent between day reliability at comfortable (ICC = 0.95) and fast speeds (ICC = 0.96)
- [2] Excellent test-retest reliability (r = 0.97 - 0.99)
Interrater/Intrarater Reliability
Healthy Adults:
(n = 28 healthy adults; mean age = 56.43 (13.82) years; Healthy Adults)
- Excellent interrater reliability; (ICC = 0.980) [11]
SCI:
- Excellent intrarater reliability (r = 0.983, p < 0.001)
- Excellent interrater reliability (r = 0.974, p < 0.001)
- Bland-Altman plots indicate reliability Excellent when completed in under 40 seconds, but reliability decreases with marginal walkers requiring > 40 seconds to complete [12]
(Scivoletto et al, 2011; n = 37; median age = 58.5 (range 19 - 77) years; median time from onset = 24 (range 6 - 109) months; AIS D = 35, C = 2; Median WISCI = 16, utilized 2 methods, measured 10 m with a static start and measured middle 10 m of 14 m walkway to include acceleration and deceleration, Chronic SCI)
For both methods:
- Excellent interrater reliability (ICC > 0.95)
- Excellent intrarater reliability (ICC > 0.98) [13]
Stroke:
- Excellent intrarater reliability; ICC = 0.87 to 0.88 [8]
(Wolf et al, 1999; n = 28 with history of stroke; mean age = 56.04 (12.80) years; mean time since lesion = 13.59 (12.30) months, Chronic Stroke)
- Excellent interrater reliability; (ICC = 0.998) [11]
TBI:
(Tyson & Connell, 2009; review of seventeen measures; n = 12 mobile TBI patients, TBI)
- Excellent interrater reliability (ICC = 0.99) [14]
Validity[edit | edit source]
Multiple Sclerosis:
(Paltamaa et al, 2007; n = 120; mean age = 45.0 (10.8) years; mean duration since symptom onset 12.3 (8.8) years, MS)
Predictive Validity [15]:
- Excellent correlation with dependence in self-care (r = 0.60 - 0.87) at comfortable speed
- Adequate to Excellent correlation with dependence in mobility (r = 0.34 - 0.74) at comfortable speed
- Adequate to excellent correlation with dependence in domestic life (r = 0.34 - 0.81) at comfortable speed
Stroke:
(Tyson & Connell, 2009; n = 40, review article of 17 measures, Stroke)
Predictive Validity [14]:
- Excellent correlation with dependence in instrumental activities of daily living (r = 0.76)
- Excellent correlation with Barthel Index (r = 0.78
Healthy Adults:
- Poor correlation with BBT (r = 0.052)
- Adequate correlation with FRT (r = 0.307) [11]
Hip Fracture:
- Excellent correlation with 6MWT (correlation coefficient = 0.82)
- Adequate correlation with LE strength (r = 0.51)
- Adequate correlation with LE power (r = 0.58)
- Poor correlation with hip pain (r = -0.23)
- Poor correlation with bodily pain (r = 0.30)
- Poor correlation with vitality (r = 0.26)
- Adequate correlation with physical role (r = 0.54)
- Adequate correlation with social role (r = 0.42) [16]
SCI:
Convergent Validity:
- Excellent correlation between the TUG and 10MWT (r = 0.89, n = 70)
- Excellent correlation between 10MWT and 6MWT (ρ = -0.95, n = 62)
- Subgroup comparisons of WISCI II and 10MWT
- Excellent correlation between WISCI II and 10MWT when testing individuals with WISCI II scores 11 - 20 (p = -0.68, n = 47)
- Poor correlation between the WISCI II and 10MWT when testing individuals with WISCI II scores 0 - 10 (r = -0.24, n = 20)
- Adequate but not significant correlation between WISCI II (0-8,10,11,14,17), dependent walkers (r = -0.35, n = 15)
- Adequate correlation between WISCI II (9,12,13,15,16,18-20) independent walkers (r = -0.48, n = 43)
- Overall, improved validity in individuals who are less impaired, higher walking ability, and do not require assistance [17]
Stroke:
- Excellent correlation between comfortable gait speed and TUG (ICC = -0.84), FGS (ICC = 0.92), Stair climbing ascend (SCas) (ICC = -0.81), Stair climbing descend (SCde) (ICC = -0.82), 6MWT (ICC = 0.89)
- Excellent correlation between fast gait speed and TUG (ICC = -0.91), CGS (ICC = 0.88), SCas (ICC = -0.84), SCde (ICC = -0.87) and 6MWT (ICC = 0.95) [9]
Responsiveness[edit | edit source]
Geriatrics:
- Small meaningful change = 0.05 m/s
- Substantial meaningful change = 0.10 m/s [18]
SCI:
- Smallest real difference = 0.13 m/s
- Mean change between 1 and 3 months post injury, effect size = 0.92
- Mean change between 3 and 6 months post injury, effect size = 0.47 [7]
Stroke:
- Small meaningful change = 0.05 m/s
- Substantial meaningful change = 0.10 m/s [18]
Miscellaneous
[edit | edit source]
Links[edit | edit source]
Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Pirpiris, M., Wilkinson, A., et al. "Walking speed in children and young adults with neuromuscular disease: comparison between two assessment methods." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 2003 23(3): 302
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Watson, M. J. "Refining the ten-metre walking test for use with neurologically impaired people." Physiotherapy 2002 88(7): 386-397
- ↑ Bohannon, R. W. "Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20-79 years: reference values and determinants." Age Ageing 1997 26(1): 15-19
- ↑ Hollman, J. H., Beckman, B. A., et al. "Minimum detectable change in gait velocity during acute rehabilitation following hip fracture." J Geriatr Phys There 2008 31(2): 53-56
- ↑ Steffen, T. and Seney, M. "Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change on balance and ambulation tests, the 36-item short-form health survey, and the unified Parkinson disease rating scale in people with parkinsonism." Physical Therapy 2008 88(6): 733-746
- ↑ Bowden, M. G. and Behrman, A. L. "Step Activity Monitor: accuracy and test-retest reliability in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury." J Rehabil Res Dev 2007 44(3): 355-362
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lam, T., Noonan, V., et al. "A systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injury." Spinal Cord 2007 46(4): 246-254
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Collen, F., Wade, D., et al. "Mobility after stroke: reliability of measures of impairment and disability." Disability &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Rehabilitation 1990 12(1): 6-9 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Collen et al" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Flansbjer, U. B., Holmback, A. M., et al. "Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke." J Rehabil Med 2005 37(2): 75-82
- ↑ van Loo, M. A., Moseley, A. M., et al. "Test-re-test reliability of walking speed, step length and step width measurement after traumatic brain injury: a pilot study." Brain Inj 2004 18(10): 1041-1048
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Wolf, S. L., Catlin, P. A., et al. "Establishing the reliability and validity of measurements of walking time using the Emory Functional Ambulation Profile." Phys There 1999 79(12): 1122-1133 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Wolf et al" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "Wolf et al" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ van Hedel, H. J., Wirz, M., et al. "Assessing walking ability in subjects with spinal cord injury: validity and reliability of 3 walking tests." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005 86(2): 190-196
- ↑ Scivoletto, G., Tamburella, F., et al. "Validity and reliability of the 10-m walk test and the 6-min walk test in spinal cord injury patients." Spinal Cord 2011 49(6): 736-740.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Tyson, S. and Connell, L. "The psychometric properties and clinical utility of measures of walking and mobility in neurological conditions: a systematic review." Clin Rehabil 2009 23(11): 1018-1033
- ↑ Paltamaa, J., Sarasoja, T., et al. "Measures of physical functioning predict self-reported performance in self-care, mobility, and domestic life in ambulatory persons with multiple sclerosis." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2007 88(12): 1649-1657
- ↑ Latham, N., Mehta, V., et al. "Performance-based or self-report measures of physical function: which should be used in clinical trials of hip fracture patients?" Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2008 89(11): 2146-2155
- ↑ van Hedel, H. J., Wirz, M., et al. "Assessing walking ability in subjects with spinal cord injury: validity and reliability of 3 walking tests." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005 86(2): 190-196
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Perera, S., Mody, S., et al. "Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006 54(5): 743-749
