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...tman JM, Cleland JA, Flynn TW. Regional Interdependence: A Musculoskeletal Examination Model Whose Time Has Come. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007;37(11):658-660. P == Examination  ==

...and Measures for the Physical Therapist Assistant. Chapter 9 Neuromuscular examination. Stacie J. Fruth, Carol Fawcett ...ber of causes like [[Stroke|cerebral hemispheric]] or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord]] damage. 

...ion of the Lumbar Spine Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/physical-examination-of-the-lumbar-spine/ (acessed 20.11.2022)</ref> ...cite_ref-:0_1-2"></span>Tape measure: inexpensive instrument for measuring spinal motion, and possibly the easiest to use.

...of the space where nerve roots exit the spine, which can be a result of [[Spinal Stenosis|stenosis]], bone spurs, [[Thoracic Disc Syndrome|disc herniation]] * 12 pairs of spinal nerve roots,

...ce each skeletal muscle is innervated by nerves derived from more than one spinal cord level.<ref>Earths lab Myotomes Available:https://www.earthslab.com/ana == Spinal Nerves ==

...a [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-vertebral-column Spinal OA] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-verte ..., also contribute to osteoarthritic degeneration.<ref>Lindsey T, Dydyk AM. Spinal Osteoarthritis. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553190/ (ac

...ich is that portion of a peripheral nerve that “connects” the nerve to the spinal cord. Nerve roots arise from each level of the spinal cord (e.g., C3, C4), and many, but not all, intermingle in a plexus (brachi

..., S., The Human Extremities: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Wellington: Spinal publications New-Zealand, 2000.</ref> ...Supp G, Robbins SM. A study exploring the prevalence of Extremity Pain of Spinal Source (EXPOSS). J Man Manip Ther. 2020 Sep;28(4):222-230.</ref>

...axial skeleton. The first two laws solely apply to the lumbar and thoracic spinal regions, but the third applies to the entire vertebral column&nbsp;<ref nam [[Category:Cervical Spine]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Assessment and Examination]]

...tion, however, 1-2% of cases of low back pain are caused by non-mechanical spinal disorders or visceral diseases such as a [[Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm|abdomi ==Examination Findings==

# Most commonly by a disturbance of the brain or spinal cord (the central nervous system, or CNS), or ...on with infection, [[Traumatic Brain Injury|head]] or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]], brain tumors, kidney or liver failure, chemical

.... [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303793/ Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries.] World journal of orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):8. Available ...L. GUTTMANN, O.B.E., M.D., M.R.C.P.;1953</ref><ref name="Sedgwick et al.">Spinal cord potentials in traumatic paraplegia and quadriplegia; E M SEDGWICK, E E

...considered rare. It encompasses numerous associated pathologies including spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, osteoarthritis, aging, trauma, an ...usually be diagnosed based on a patient's history of symptoms, a physical examination, and imaging tests<ref>[https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions

...Spinal Cord Injuries|spinal cord injury]]. An individual with this form of spinal cord injury (SCI) will have intact motor function and sensations of pain, l ...and tabes dorsalis, but both tend to be generalized to PCS:<ref>Medmaster. Spinal Cord Syndromes: Clinical Recognition & Anatomy Review. Available from: <now

...tion tests for the assessment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction.] Journal of spinal disorders. 1998 Aug;11(4):341-5.</ref><ref name="Vier">P Vercellini. Chroni ...ests and acceptable intertester reliability to be included in the clinical examination: <ref name="Drie" /><ref name="Zes" />

...D.L.+Skaggs,+J.M.+Flynn.+Staying+out+of+trouble+in+pediatric+orthopaedics.+Examination+of+the+spine.+Philadelphia,+2006.+P20-21.+Level+of+evidence:+D&ots=d_mu8QW6 ...column vertebrae. The examiner looks for indicators of scoliosis, such as spinal asymmetry, unlevel shoulders, scapula asymmetry, unlevel hips, and the head

...ion of the ANS sympathetics, which originate from T1-L2 afferents from the spinal cord.<ref>Benhamou CL, Roux C, Tourliere D, Gervais T, Viala JF, Amor B. Ps ...l O. Angina pectoris symptoms caused by thoracic spine disorders. Clinical examination and treatment. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1981;644:84-86</ref> (Heart surgery, im

...rotational horizontal plane motion. Many nerves innervate the muscles for spinal rotation. * The [[Spinal Manipulation|rotational manipulative technique]] is commonly used for patie

...pain]]. Thoracic back pain is more often due to [[The Flag System|serious spinal pathology]] than neck or low back pain but thoracic back pain is also preva === Examination ===

...ons in nonprimary motor areas may cause a release of inhibitory control by spinal interneurons, leading to a reappearance of the [[Reflexes|reflex]].<ref nam ...ns.pdf Primitive reflexes and postural reactions in the neurodevelopmental examination. Pediatric neurology.] 2004 Jul 1;31(1):1-8.</ref>