Sleep Diaries: Difference between revisions

(added text, literature, spelling check done, added categories and the original editor.)
(added a video of a sleep diary)
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*It is preferred to fill out the sleep diary within an hour of waking up<ref name=":1" />.
*It is preferred to fill out the sleep diary within an hour of waking up<ref name=":1" />.


==Different sleep diaries==
{{#ev:youtube|mhodzk2osDQ}}For an example of a sleep diary watch the video above<ref>MFTNHS. Keeping a sleep diary. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhodzk2osDQ [Last accessed 26-03-2024] </ref>.
==Different sleep diaries ==


*A sleep diary can comprise a 24-hour timeline, where the individual/parent/child note, for every half-hour interval, whether they/their child was awake or asleep, and the location of their sleep (bedroom, living room, car etc.)<ref name=":6">Tétreault É, Bélanger M-È, Bernier A, Carrier J. Actigraphy data in pediatric research: the role of sleep diaries. Sleep Medicine. 2018; 47: 86–92.</ref>.
*A sleep diary can comprise a 24-hour timeline, where the individual/parent/child note, for every half-hour interval, whether they/their child was awake or asleep, and the location of their sleep (bedroom, living room, car etc.)<ref name=":6">Tétreault É, Bélanger M-È, Bernier A, Carrier J. Actigraphy data in pediatric research: the role of sleep diaries. Sleep Medicine. 2018; 47: 86–92.</ref>.
*Saturday and sunday should be included in the sleep diary, because sleep time on weekend differ from sleep time during other days<ref name=":5" />.
* Saturday and sunday should be included in the sleep diary, because sleep time on weekend differ from sleep time during other days<ref name=":5" />.
*Diaries for children can consist of the following information<ref>Surtees ADR, Richards C, Clarkson EL, Heald M, Trickett J, Denyer H, Oliver C. Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: A comparison to sleep in typically developing children using actigraphy, diaries and questionnaires. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2019; 67: 101439.</ref>:
*Diaries for children can consist of the following information<ref>Surtees ADR, Richards C, Clarkson EL, Heald M, Trickett J, Denyer H, Oliver C. Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: A comparison to sleep in typically developing children using actigraphy, diaries and questionnaires. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2019; 67: 101439.</ref>:
**Time the child went to bed
**Time the child went to bed
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**Time getting into bed
**Time getting into bed
**Time attempted to fall asleep
**Time attempted to fall asleep
**Sleep onset latency
** Sleep onset latency
**Number of awakenings at night
**Number of awakenings at night
**Duration of the awakenings
**Duration of the awakenings
**Time of waking up
**Time of waking up
**Time of getting up
** Time of getting up
**Perceived sleep quality (on a Likert scale)
**Perceived sleep quality (on a Likert scale)
*Additional parameters could include<ref name=":1" />:
*Additional parameters could include<ref name=":1" />:
**Estimated total sleep time
**Estimated total sleep time
**Rating of refreshing quality of sleep
** Rating of refreshing quality of sleep
**Napping
**Napping
**Alcohol, caffeine, and medicatie use
** Alcohol, caffeine, and medicatie use


==Advantages==
==Advantages ==


*Minimum supervision required<ref name=":0" />.
*Minimum supervision required<ref name=":0" />.
*Diaries are valuable for identifying specific events that may have contributed to an unusual night for the child, such as illness or visitors at home. This can help in interpreting information gathered with polysomnography<ref name=":6" />.
*Diaries are valuable for identifying specific events that may have contributed to an unusual night for the child, such as illness or visitors at home. This can help in interpreting information gathered with polysomnography<ref name=":6" />.
*Inexpensive<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7">Lawrence G, Muza R. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5803039/ Assessing the sleeping habits of patients in a sleep disorder centre: a review of sleep diary accuracy]. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2018; 10(1): 177-183</ref>.
*Inexpensive<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7">Lawrence G, Muza R. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5803039/ Assessing the sleeping habits of patients in a sleep disorder centre: a review of sleep diary accuracy]. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2018; 10(1): 177-183</ref>.
*Widely available<ref name=":7" />.
* Widely available<ref name=":7" />.
*Easy to use<ref name=":4" />.
*Easy to use<ref name=":4" />.
*Easy to apply and reliable in field research, clinical evaluations and studies with small and larger numbers of participants<ref name=":5" />.
*Easy to apply and reliable in field research, clinical evaluations and studies with small and larger numbers of participants<ref name=":5" />.


==Disadvantages==
== Disadvantages==


*When parents are required to estimate their child's sleep habits, research has indicated that they tend to provide more accurate estimates for sleep schedule variables compared to the time spent awake in bed, including sleep latency and frequency of night awakenings<ref>Werner H, Molinari L, Guyer C, Jenni OG. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5461698_Agreement_Rates_Between_Actigraphy_Diary_and_Questionnaire_for_Children%27s_Sleep_Patterns Agreement Rates Between Actigraphy, Diary, and Questionnaire for Children’s Sleep Patterns]. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2008; 162(4): 350–8</ref>. Furthermore, the consistency of their reports decreased as the duration of monitoring extended: they report earlier bedtimes and later wake-up times when compared to actigraphic measurements, thus overestimating the sleep duration from 30 to 113 minutes per night<ref>Short MA, Gradisar M, Lack LC, Wright HR, Chatburn A. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236339711_Estimating_adolescent_sleep_patterns_Parent_reports_versus_adolescent_self-report_surveys_sleep_diaries_and_actigraphy Estimating adolescent sleep patterns: Parent reports versus adolescent self-report surveys, sleep diaries, and actigraphy]. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2013; 5: 23-6</ref><ref>Dayat EA, Spruyt K, Molfese DL, Gozal D. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228767792_Sleep_estimates_in_children_Parental_versus_actigraphic_assessments Sleep estimates in children: parental versus actigraphic assessments]. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2011; 3: 3-115</ref>.
*When parents are required to estimate their child's sleep habits, research has indicated that they tend to provide more accurate estimates for sleep schedule variables compared to the time spent awake in bed, including sleep latency and frequency of night awakenings<ref>Werner H, Molinari L, Guyer C, Jenni OG. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5461698_Agreement_Rates_Between_Actigraphy_Diary_and_Questionnaire_for_Children%27s_Sleep_Patterns Agreement Rates Between Actigraphy, Diary, and Questionnaire for Children’s Sleep Patterns]. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2008; 162(4): 350–8</ref>. Furthermore, the consistency of their reports decreased as the duration of monitoring extended: they report earlier bedtimes and later wake-up times when compared to actigraphic measurements, thus overestimating the sleep duration from 30 to 113 minutes per night<ref>Short MA, Gradisar M, Lack LC, Wright HR, Chatburn A. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236339711_Estimating_adolescent_sleep_patterns_Parent_reports_versus_adolescent_self-report_surveys_sleep_diaries_and_actigraphy Estimating adolescent sleep patterns: Parent reports versus adolescent self-report surveys, sleep diaries, and actigraphy]. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2013; 5: 23-6</ref><ref>Dayat EA, Spruyt K, Molfese DL, Gozal D. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228767792_Sleep_estimates_in_children_Parental_versus_actigraphic_assessments Sleep estimates in children: parental versus actigraphic assessments]. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2011; 3: 3-115</ref>.
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An electronic sleep diary could have some benefits<ref name=":2" />:
An electronic sleep diary could have some benefits<ref name=":2" />:


*Promoting self-monitoring of [[Sleep: Theory, Function and Physiology|sleep]] and thus promoting shared decision-making.
* Promoting self-monitoring of [[Sleep: Theory, Function and Physiology|sleep]] and thus promoting shared decision-making.
*Reminding the patient automatically to complete the sleep diary.
*Reminding the patient automatically to complete the sleep diary.
*Controlling timelines and thus avoiding the patient completing more days at the same time.
*Controlling timelines and thus avoiding the patient completing more days at the same time.

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Purpose[edit | edit source]

Sleep diaries provide information related to the personal perception of sleep[1]. It is a useful method to access to information about various aspects of sleep (bedtime, sleep duration, sleep onset latency, night awakenings)[1]. Parents can also use a sleep diary for the sleep of their children. School / work days and weekends should be analyzed separately[1].

Sleep diaries have been widely adopted as the favored approach for gathering longitudinal data on self-reported sleep patterns and associated functions in studies focusing on insomnia[2]. They can also help professionals identify targets for cognitive behavioral therapy and can help evaluating an intervention by comparing pre- and post-treatment diaries[3]. It can be a useful screening tool for assessing insomnia[4][5].

Technique[edit | edit source]

  • A sleep diary must be filled in at least five nights to provide adequate information about the sleep of adolescents[6].
  • A sleep diary must be filled in for a period of at least seven consecutive days including the weekend for adults. The sleep diary reliability values increase with more nights. An adequate reliability (>0.70) is achieved with seven consecutive days[7].
  • It is preferred to fill out the sleep diary within an hour of waking up[2].

For an example of a sleep diary watch the video above[8].

Different sleep diaries[edit | edit source]

  • A sleep diary can comprise a 24-hour timeline, where the individual/parent/child note, for every half-hour interval, whether they/their child was awake or asleep, and the location of their sleep (bedroom, living room, car etc.)[9].
  • Saturday and sunday should be included in the sleep diary, because sleep time on weekend differ from sleep time during other days[7].
  • Diaries for children can consist of the following information[10]:
    • Time the child went to bed
    • Time the light were turned of
    • Time the parents think their child woke up
    • Time the child got out of bed
    • Time the child needed to fall asleep
    • Day-time naps
    • Awakenings during the night
    • Difficult behaviors around bed-time
  • The most critical parameters for adults are[2]:
    • Time getting into bed
    • Time attempted to fall asleep
    • Sleep onset latency
    • Number of awakenings at night
    • Duration of the awakenings
    • Time of waking up
    • Time of getting up
    • Perceived sleep quality (on a Likert scale)
  • Additional parameters could include[2]:
    • Estimated total sleep time
    • Rating of refreshing quality of sleep
    • Napping
    • Alcohol, caffeine, and medicatie use

Advantages[edit | edit source]

  • Minimum supervision required[1].
  • Diaries are valuable for identifying specific events that may have contributed to an unusual night for the child, such as illness or visitors at home. This can help in interpreting information gathered with polysomnography[9].
  • Inexpensive[6][11].
  • Widely available[11].
  • Easy to use[6].
  • Easy to apply and reliable in field research, clinical evaluations and studies with small and larger numbers of participants[7].

Disadvantages[edit | edit source]

  • When parents are required to estimate their child's sleep habits, research has indicated that they tend to provide more accurate estimates for sleep schedule variables compared to the time spent awake in bed, including sleep latency and frequency of night awakenings[12]. Furthermore, the consistency of their reports decreased as the duration of monitoring extended: they report earlier bedtimes and later wake-up times when compared to actigraphic measurements, thus overestimating the sleep duration from 30 to 113 minutes per night[13][14].
  • Adolescents overestimate their sleep duration by one hour and they also underestimate their awakenings during the night[15].
  • Adults seem to overestimate their sleep time by one hour, compared to polysomnography[16].
  • Cognitive factors (function, capacity to estimate time, motivation, ability to maintain the information in long term memory) can play a role in the inaccurate estimation of sleep, especially in children[1][11].
  • Diaries may suffer from recall bias[17][18].
  • A lot of people backfill diary data, making it less reliable[5].
  • An actigraphy is often required to validate the data from a sleep diary[11].
  • Filling out a sleep diary takes more time than a questionnaire[19]. It is also time-consuming for the therapist to process the data[20][21].

Electronic sleep diary[edit | edit source]

An electronic sleep diary could have some benefits[3]:

  • Promoting self-monitoring of sleep and thus promoting shared decision-making.
  • Reminding the patient automatically to complete the sleep diary.
  • Controlling timelines and thus avoiding the patient completing more days at the same time.
  • Better accuracy, by avoiding illegible responses.
  • Less time needed for filling out the diary and also for scoring.

Literature proves that the performance of an electronic sleep diary does not significantly differ from paper sleep diaries[3]. Choosing between the two options may depend on the preference of the therapist and/or the patient.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Mazza S, Bastuji H, Rey AE. Objective and Subjective Assessments of Sleep in Children: Comparison of Actigraphy, Sleep Diary Completed by Children and Parents' Estimation. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2020; 11: 495
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Carney CE, Buysse DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Edinger JD, Krystal AD, Lichstein KL, Morin CM. The Consensus Sleep Diary: Standardizing Prospective Sleep Self-Monitoring. Sleep. 2012; 35(2): 287–302
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Tonetti L, Mingozzi R, Natale V. Comparison between paper and electronic sleep diary. Biological Rhythm Research. 2016; 47(5): 743–753.
  4. ↑ Natale V, Léger D, Bayon V, Erbacci A, Tonetti L, Fabbri M, Martoni M. The Consensus Sleep Diary Qualitative Criteria for Primary Insomnia Diagnosis. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2015; 77(4): 413-418
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Clegg-Kraynok M, Barnovsky L, Zhou ES. Real, misreported, and backfilled adherence with paper sleep diaries. Sleep Medicine. 2023; 107(1): 31-35
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Short MA, Arora T, Gradisar M, Taheri S, Carskadon MA. How many sleep diary entries are needed to reliably estimate adolescent sleep? Sleep. 2017; 40: zsx006
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 de Alcantara Borba D, Sousa Reis R, de Melo Lima PHT, Facundo LA, Narciso FV, Silva A, de Mello MT. How many days are needed for a reliable assessment by the Sleep Diary? Sleep Science. 2020; 13(1): 49-53
  8. ↑ MFTNHS. Keeping a sleep diary. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhodzk2osDQ [Last accessed 26-03-2024]
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Tétreault É, Bélanger M-È, Bernier A, Carrier J. Actigraphy data in pediatric research: the role of sleep diaries. Sleep Medicine. 2018; 47: 86–92.
  10. ↑ Surtees ADR, Richards C, Clarkson EL, Heald M, Trickett J, Denyer H, Oliver C. Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: A comparison to sleep in typically developing children using actigraphy, diaries and questionnaires. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2019; 67: 101439.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Lawrence G, Muza R. Assessing the sleeping habits of patients in a sleep disorder centre: a review of sleep diary accuracy. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2018; 10(1): 177-183
  12. ↑ Werner H, Molinari L, Guyer C, Jenni OG. Agreement Rates Between Actigraphy, Diary, and Questionnaire for Children’s Sleep Patterns. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2008; 162(4): 350–8
  13. ↑ Short MA, Gradisar M, Lack LC, Wright HR, Chatburn A. Estimating adolescent sleep patterns: Parent reports versus adolescent self-report surveys, sleep diaries, and actigraphy. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2013; 5: 23-6
  14. ↑ Dayat EA, Spruyt K, Molfese DL, Gozal D. Sleep estimates in children: parental versus actigraphic assessments. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2011; 3: 3-115
  15. ↑ Tremaine RB, Dorrian J, Blunden S. Subjective and objective sleep in children and adolescents: Measurement, age, and gender differences. Sleep and Biological Rhythms. 2010; 8(4): 229–38
  16. ↑ Silva GE, Goodwin JL, Sherrill DL, Arnold JL, Bootzin RR, Smith T, Walsleben JA, Baldwin CM, Quan SF. Relationship between reported and measured sleep times: The Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS). Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2007; 3(6): 622–30
  17. ↑ Lehrer HM, Yao Z, Krafty RT, Evans MA, Buysse DJ, Kravitz HM, Matthews KA, Gold EB, Harlow SD, Samuelsson LB, Hall MH. Comparing polysomnography, actigraphy, and sleep diary in the home environment: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Sleep Study. Sleep Advances. 2022; 3(1)
  18. ↑ Hall WA, Liva S, Moynihan M, Saunders R. A Comparison of Actigraphy and Sleep Diaries for Infants' Sleep Behavior. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015; 6(19)
  19. ↑ Mallinson DC, Kamenetsky ME, Hagen EW, Peppard PE. Subjective sleep measurement: comparing sleep diary to questionnaire. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2019; 11: 197-206
  20. ↑ Miller CB, Gordon CJ, Toubia L, Bartlett DJ, Grunstein RR, D’Rozario AL, Marshall NS. Agreement between simple questions about sleep duration and sleep diaries in a large online survey. Sleep Health. 2015; 1(2): 133–137.
  21. ↑ Văcăreţu T, Batalas N, Erten-Uyumaz B, Van Gilst M, Overeem S, Markopoulos P. “Subjective sleep quality monitoring with the hypnos digital sleep diary: Evaluation of usability and user experience,” in 12th International Conference on Health Informatics, HEALTHINF 2019, SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications. 2019; 113–122.
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