Physical Activity and the Built Environment: Difference between revisions

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The environment is integral to encouraging physical activity.<ref>Goldstein B. The environment and health:a conversation with CDC chief Jeffrey Koplan; tracing intersections between behaviour and environment fascinates this top health officer. Health Affairs 2002;21:179-184  [Pub Med]</ref>  The built environment is an aspect of the environment that is increasingly receiving research attention.<ref>Sallis JF, Floyd MF, Rodriguez DA, Saelens BE. Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2012;125(5):729-37</ref>  Recommended levels of physical activity can be achieved by including activities such as walking, cycling as part of everyday life. This can be encouraged with a supportive built environment. Public health advocates can help shape the design of cities and suburbs in ways to encourage physical activity.  The emphasis on the role of built environment is necessary as encouraging people to be more physically active in an environment that is not supportive is less likely to be effective.
The environment is integral to encouraging physical activity.<ref>Goldstein B. The environment and health:a conversation with CDC chief Jeffrey Koplan; tracing intersections between behaviour and environment fascinates this top health officer. Health Affairs 2002;21:179-184  [Pub Med]</ref>  The built environment is an aspect of the environment that is increasingly receiving research attention.<ref>Sallis JF, Floyd MF, Rodriguez DA, Saelens BE. Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2012;125(5):729-37</ref>  Recommended levels of physical activity can be achieved by including activities such as walking, cycling as part of everyday life. This can be encouraged with a supportive built environment. Public health advocates can help shape the design of cities and suburbs in ways to encourage physical activity.  The emphasis on the role of built environment is necessary as encouraging people to be more physically active in an environment that is not supportive is less likely to be effective.


The built environment is defined as the part of the physical environment that is constructed or modified by human activity.<ref>Saelens BE, Handy SL. Built environment correlates of walking: a review. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2008;40(7 Suppl):S550-66.</ref> It includes homes, schools, workplaces, parks or recreation areas, green-ways, business areas and transportation systems.<ref>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2004 p 2</ref>  
The built environment is defined as the part of the physical environment that is constructed or modified by human activity.<ref name=":0">Saelens BE, Handy SL. Built environment correlates of walking: a review. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2008;40(7 Suppl):S550-66.</ref> It includes homes, schools, workplaces, parks or recreation areas, green-ways, business areas and transportation systems.<ref>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2004 p 2</ref>  


In public health, a built environment refers to physical environments that are designed with health and wellness as integral parts of communities and it includes open spaces, footpaths, cycle lanes, parks, trails.<ref>Renalds, A; Smith T; Hale, P (2010). "A Systematic Review of Built Environment And Health". Family and Community Health.'''33:''' 68-78.</ref>  
In public health, a built environment refers to physical environments that are designed with health and wellness as integral parts of communities and it includes open spaces, footpaths, cycle lanes, parks, trails.<ref>Renalds, A; Smith T; Hale, P (2010). "A Systematic Review of Built Environment And Health". Family and Community Health.'''33:''' 68-78.</ref>  
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Using the built environment as an intervention for improving physical activity offers numerous advantages. Diverse to individual level approaches, developing a supportive environment has the potential to achieve biggest reach for long term, population-wide improvements in physical activity levels and facilitate behavior change maintenance.<ref>Kwansnicka D, Dombrowski SU, White M, Sniehotta F. Theoretical explanations for maintenance of behaviour change: a systematic review of behaviour theories. Health Psychol Rev. 2016;10:277-96.</ref>  Also,physical activity interventions that reach a large numbers of people over a sustained period of time are often more cost effective than individual level interventions.<ref>Wu S, Cohen D, Shi Y, Pearson M, Sturm R. Economic Analysis of physical activity interventions. ''Am J Prev Med''. 2011;40(2):149-58.</ref>  
Using the built environment as an intervention for improving physical activity offers numerous advantages. Diverse to individual level approaches, developing a supportive environment has the potential to achieve biggest reach for long term, population-wide improvements in physical activity levels and facilitate behavior change maintenance.<ref>Kwansnicka D, Dombrowski SU, White M, Sniehotta F. Theoretical explanations for maintenance of behaviour change: a systematic review of behaviour theories. Health Psychol Rev. 2016;10:277-96.</ref>  Also,physical activity interventions that reach a large numbers of people over a sustained period of time are often more cost effective than individual level interventions.<ref>Wu S, Cohen D, Shi Y, Pearson M, Sturm R. Economic Analysis of physical activity interventions. ''Am J Prev Med''. 2011;40(2):149-58.</ref>  
Measures of healthy food access and physical activity environments are common measures for obesity prevention project by the Center for Disease Control.<ref>Kahn, LK; Sobush K; Keener D; et al.(2009)."Recommended community strategies and measurements to prevention obesity in the United States". ''MMWR Recomm Rep''. '''58''': 1-26.</ref>


== Features of Built Environment ==
== Features of Built Environment ==
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Features of the built environment that has been found to correlate with physical activity levels include mixed land use, population density, street connectivity, and physical infrastructure including footpaths.<ref>Gebel K, Bauman AE, Petticrew M. The physical environment and physical activity: a critical appraisal of review articles. ''Am J Prev Med''. 2007;32(5):361-9</ref> These features have the potential to influence both recreational and travel related physical activity. For instance, certain features of the neighborhood environment- sidewalks, streetlights, and terrain might make recreational activity more appealing. Meanwhile, other characteristics such as residential density proximity to destinations and grid like street patterns might make it easier or more pleasant to walk or bicycle for transportation.
Features of the built environment that has been found to correlate with physical activity levels include mixed land use, population density, street connectivity, and physical infrastructure including footpaths.<ref>Gebel K, Bauman AE, Petticrew M. The physical environment and physical activity: a critical appraisal of review articles. ''Am J Prev Med''. 2007;32(5):361-9</ref> These features have the potential to influence both recreational and travel related physical activity. For instance, certain features of the neighborhood environment- sidewalks, streetlights, and terrain might make recreational activity more appealing. Meanwhile, other characteristics such as residential density proximity to destinations and grid like street patterns might make it easier or more pleasant to walk or bicycle for transportation.


== Sub Heading 3 ==
== Walkable Neighborhoods ==
The extent to which the built environment is friendly to the presence of people living, shopping visiting, enjoying or spending time in the area is termed “Walkability”.<ref>Abley, Stephen. “Walkability Scoping Paper” 21 March 2005. Retrieved 4/21/08</ref>
 
Studies relating attributes of neighborhood environments and physical activity particularly within the U.S, Australia and a few European nations found that walkable neighborhoods characterized by high density, well connected grid-like street networks and accessible and diverse destinations within walking distance<ref name=":0" /><ref>Heath GW, Brownson RC, Miles R, Powell KE, Ramsey LT: Task Forceon Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of urban design and land use and transport policies to increase physical activity:  systematic review ''J Phys Act Heal'' 2006,3:S55-S76.</ref> were associated with active transportation, particularly walking for transport (Saelens 2008; Durand 2011; Ewing 2010)
 
Additionally, access to park and recreation facilities shows significant associations with recreational physical activity.<ref>Kaczynski AT, Henderson KA (2007).Enviromental correlates of physical activity: a review of evidence about parks and recreation ammenities Leisure Sciences; 29: 315-54.</ref> The presence of existing and new public transportation options in neighborhoods appears associated with greater physical activity.<ref>MacDonald JM, Stokes RJ, Cohen DA, Kofner A, Ridgeway GK: The effect of light rail transit on body mass index and physical activity. Am J Prev Med 2010, 39:105-112.</ref><ref>Besser LM, Dannenberg AL: Walking to public transit:steps tp meet physical activity recommendations. Am J Prev Med 2005, 29:273-280.</ref>
 
==  Relationship between Physical Activity and Built Environment ==
 
== Subheading 5 ==


== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==
== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==

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Introduction[edit | edit source]

The environment is integral to encouraging physical activity.[1]  The built environment is an aspect of the environment that is increasingly receiving research attention.[2]  Recommended levels of physical activity can be achieved by including activities such as walking, cycling as part of everyday life. This can be encouraged with a supportive built environment. Public health advocates can help shape the design of cities and suburbs in ways to encourage physical activity.  The emphasis on the role of built environment is necessary as encouraging people to be more physically active in an environment that is not supportive is less likely to be effective.

The built environment is defined as the part of the physical environment that is constructed or modified by human activity.[3] It includes homes, schools, workplaces, parks or recreation areas, green-ways, business areas and transportation systems.[4]

In public health, a built environment refers to physical environments that are designed with health and wellness as integral parts of communities and it includes open spaces, footpaths, cycle lanes, parks, trails.[5]

Physical activity can be classified into four domains of life that describe how people spend their time: recreational, occupational, transport and household activities. Recreational and transport physical activity are relevant to and driven by the built environment features.[6]

Using the built environment as an intervention for improving physical activity offers numerous advantages. Diverse to individual level approaches, developing a supportive environment has the potential to achieve biggest reach for long term, population-wide improvements in physical activity levels and facilitate behavior change maintenance.[7] Also,physical activity interventions that reach a large numbers of people over a sustained period of time are often more cost effective than individual level interventions.[8]

Features of Built Environment[edit | edit source]

Built environment features that are hypothesized to be associated with recreational activity have been divided into four categories;

1.      Recreational resources - include walking trails, biking trails, parks and open spaces

2.      Land use characteristics- include residential and employment density, land use mix (types of buildings, services and businesses in the community), street connectivity (grid pattern, cul-de-sac s and loop holes) and proximity of destinations (shops, employment and services) to residences.

3.      Neighborhood form characteristics- include availability of sidewalks and street light

4.      Community environment- include mostly contextual features of the environment such as aesthetics, cleanliness, traffic, crime safety or community support or cohesion.

Features of the built environment that has been found to correlate with physical activity levels include mixed land use, population density, street connectivity, and physical infrastructure including footpaths.[9] These features have the potential to influence both recreational and travel related physical activity. For instance, certain features of the neighborhood environment- sidewalks, streetlights, and terrain might make recreational activity more appealing. Meanwhile, other characteristics such as residential density proximity to destinations and grid like street patterns might make it easier or more pleasant to walk or bicycle for transportation.

Walkable Neighborhoods[edit | edit source]

The extent to which the built environment is friendly to the presence of people living, shopping visiting, enjoying or spending time in the area is termed “Walkability”.[10]

Studies relating attributes of neighborhood environments and physical activity particularly within the U.S, Australia and a few European nations found that walkable neighborhoods characterized by high density, well connected grid-like street networks and accessible and diverse destinations within walking distance[3][11] were associated with active transportation, particularly walking for transport (Saelens 2008; Durand 2011; Ewing 2010)

Additionally, access to park and recreation facilities shows significant associations with recreational physical activity.[12] The presence of existing and new public transportation options in neighborhoods appears associated with greater physical activity.[13][14]

Relationship between Physical Activity and Built Environment[edit | edit source]

Subheading 5[edit | edit source]

Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]

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References[edit | edit source]

References will automatically be added here, see adding references tutorial.

  1. ↑ Goldstein B. The environment and health:a conversation with CDC chief Jeffrey Koplan; tracing intersections between behaviour and environment fascinates this top health officer. Health Affairs 2002;21:179-184 [Pub Med]
  2. ↑ Sallis JF, Floyd MF, Rodriguez DA, Saelens BE. Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2012;125(5):729-37
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Saelens BE, Handy SL. Built environment correlates of walking: a review. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2008;40(7 Suppl):S550-66.
  4. ↑ National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2004 p 2
  5. ↑ Renalds, A; Smith T; Hale, P (2010). "A Systematic Review of Built Environment And Health". Family and Community Health.33: 68-78.
  6. ↑ Pratt M, Macera CA, Sallis JF, O'Donnel M, Frank LD. Economic interventions to promote physical activity: application of the SLOTH model. Am J Prev Med.2004;27 suppl 3:136-145.
  7. ↑ Kwansnicka D, Dombrowski SU, White M, Sniehotta F. Theoretical explanations for maintenance of behaviour change: a systematic review of behaviour theories. Health Psychol Rev. 2016;10:277-96.
  8. ↑ Wu S, Cohen D, Shi Y, Pearson M, Sturm R. Economic Analysis of physical activity interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40(2):149-58.
  9. ↑ Gebel K, Bauman AE, Petticrew M. The physical environment and physical activity: a critical appraisal of review articles. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(5):361-9
  10. ↑ Abley, Stephen. “Walkability Scoping Paper” 21 March 2005. Retrieved 4/21/08
  11. ↑ Heath GW, Brownson RC, Miles R, Powell KE, Ramsey LT: Task Forceon Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of urban design and land use and transport policies to increase physical activity: systematic review J Phys Act Heal 2006,3:S55-S76.
  12. ↑ Kaczynski AT, Henderson KA (2007).Enviromental correlates of physical activity: a review of evidence about parks and recreation ammenities Leisure Sciences; 29: 315-54.
  13. ↑ MacDonald JM, Stokes RJ, Cohen DA, Kofner A, Ridgeway GK: The effect of light rail transit on body mass index and physical activity. Am J Prev Med 2010, 39:105-112.
  14. ↑ Besser LM, Dannenberg AL: Walking to public transit:steps tp meet physical activity recommendations. Am J Prev Med 2005, 29:273-280.
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