Mindfulness for Clinicians

Original Editor - User Name

Top Contributors - Merinda Rodseth, Kim Jackson, Jess Bell, Tarina van der Stockt and Ewa Jaraczewska  

Introduction

“You cannot pour from an empty cup” - Dalai Lama

Looking after the health of people brings great rewards but also comes with significant challenges (Hedderman 2020). There are many sources of stress for clinicians, both external (heavy patient load, time restraints, interpersonal staff conflict, record-keeping requirements, financial concerns) as well as internal stressors (personality characteristics, perfectionism, poor emotional regulation, harsh self-judgement, trauma) (Dobkin 2016, Janssen 2018, Hedderman 2020). The stress experienced by healthcare professionals (HCP) can be mostly attributed to their continued exposure to complex and emotionally tense situations, closely related to the pain and suffering of the patients they attend as well as the strong emotions from both themselves and their patients (Ruiz-Fernandez 2019,Janssen 2018, Pappous 2020) . High levels of stress ultimately leads to symptoms of burnout, physical illness, compassion-fatigue and ultimately an inability to provide proper care to patients (Hedderman 2020). These factors have spurred great interest in the emotional well-being of HCPs with the objective of enabling HCPs to cope with the challenges they face on a daily basis and effectively manage their stress and emotions (Ruiz-Fernandez 2019, Dobkin 2016, Raab 2014).

Benefits of Mindfulness for Clinicians

Following the efficacy of mindfulness for patients, interest has grown for mindfulness in healthy individuals especially in healthcare and in a workplace setting (Janssen 2018). Mindfulness is viewed as particularly suited for clinician burnout as it is non-religious yet addresses purpose and meaning, has a solid scientific background and has secular and academic appeal (Fortney 2013).The benefits of mindfulness for HCPs have been shown to include: (Spinelli 2019, Ruiz-Fernandez 2019, Nguyen 2019, Leonard 2018, Shapiro 2005, Dobkin 2016).

• Stress reduction
• Improved mood
• Increased resilience
• Increased self-compassion
• Improved self-efficacy
• Increased empathy
• Reduced burnout
• Reduced compassion fatigue
• Improved well-being

Three of these benefits will be further explored as they are of particular importance  for the well-being of clinicians. These include:

1. Increased resilience

Resilience can be defined as “a personal trait that helps individuals cope with adversity and achieve good adjustment and development during trying circumstances” or “the capacity to maintain or recover high well-being in the face of life adversity” (Bajaj 2015). Resilience is proposed as a skill that “inoculates individuals against the impact of adversity and traumatic events” (Bajaj 2015). Resilience is essentially our bounce-back ability. Individuals who are more mindful, have also been found to possess greater resilience and improved life-satisfaction (Bajaj 2015). It is postulated that the awareness and acceptance aspects of mindfulness foster the development of greater resilience which in turn lead to greater well-being (Bajaj 2015). Mindfulness also has the potential to cultivate resilience in that it enables individuals to respond to difficult situations without reacting in an automatic and non-adapting way but rather with non-judgemental openness (Bajaj 2015).  Mindful individuals can therefore better cope with difficult thoughts and emotions without getting overwhelmed by them and shutting  down.Resilience is further proposed to act as a buffer against the negative impact of stress and thereby protect against burnout (Hwang 2018).

2. Improved self-compassion

“Caring for others requires caring for oneself” (Dalai Lama). Compassion for others has been linked to self-compassion and is vital for the prevention of compassion fatigue and the promotion of compassionate patient care (Raab 2014). Compassion involves “being receptive to and affected by the suffering of others, such that one desires to alleviate their suffering” (Neff in Fong 2016). Self-compassion refers to directing compassion inwards and applying it to one’s own experiences (Fong 2016, Ruiz-Fernandez 2019). Many individuals tend to be self-critical and ruminative during times of hardship, pain or failure when self-compassion could be more beneficial (Fong 2016). Self-compassion, as a form of self-acceptance, consists of three bipolar components: (Fong 2016)

• Self-kindness vs self-judgement. Self-kindness involves treating oneself with kindness, empathy and forgiveness instead of harsh judgement.
• Common humanity vs isolation. Common humanity acknowledges that negative experiences are a natural and unavoidable part of any human life and connects us to others, alleviating feelings of isolation.
• Mindfulness vs over-identification. Mindfulness enables individuals to acknowledge and learn from painful thoughts and feelings, thereby reducing avoidance and over-identification.

Mindfulness cultivates self-compassion which in turn leads to greater life satisfaction, and lower levels of stress and anxiety, perfectionism, rumination and depression (Fong 2016, Ruiz-Fernandez 2019). Self-compassion can also enhance resilience by regulating emotional responses to distressing situations (Fong 2016).

3. Enhanced stress management and burnout prevention

Mindfulness has been shown to improve stress management and reduce burnout in clinicians (Nguyen 2019, Pappous 2020). Burnout can be defined as “a syndrome resulting from exposure to chronic interpersonal stressors on the job with key symptoms including overwhelming exhaustion (loss of energy, depletion, debilitation, and fatigue), depersonalisation (negative or inappropriate attitudes towards clients, irritability, loss of idealism and withdrawal), and a sense of ineffective and lack of accomplishment (reduced productivity or capability, low morale, and inability to cope)”. (Nguyen 2019). During times of stress, clinicians tend to work harder and the prolonged and chronic exposure to stress results in burnout (Scheepers2019). Mindfulness provides an alternative strategy to clinicians:

• Increased awareness of their stress, emotions and needs
• Enhanced self-regulation, and
• Improved self-reflection on their behaviours and clinical practice. (Scheepers 2019)

Clinicians who practice mindfulness also report lower levels of stress and less symptoms of burnout (Scheepers 2019).

Brief Mindfulness-based Interventions

The purpose of mindfulness programmes is to train individuals to respond to situations in a reflective way as opposed to responding automatically (Ruiz-Fernandez 2019). Mindfulness provides a space or a gap between the initial emotional reaction and the eventual behaviour/response. The gap created by mindfulness is vital for the response (Nguyen 2019). Research has shown that resilience can be enhanced and burnout limited through skills that allow individuals to gain some distance from negative emotions, develop some positive ones, and focus attention in the present moment  (Nguyen 2019). Fortunately, mindfulness can be practiced in any setting and in a variety of ways and even brief Mindfulness-based Interventions have been shown to be effective (Nguyen 2019).

One example is the STOP technique, a simple and short practice with an easily remembered acronym: (Liao 2020) S = Stop for a moment and pause

T = Take 3-5 slow, deep and long breaths - reconnect with your body

O = Observe your thoughts, emotions and body sensations

P = Proceed mindfully with your day, without judging your thoughts, emotions or sensations

The STOP practice facilitates creating a “gap” between the stimulus and the response, which is useful for avoiding a spontaneous response which could have negative consequences (Liao 2020). With increased awareness of beliefs, emotions and body sensations that point to a situation being more challenging, one can pause and choose a more appropriate way to proceed (Dobkin 2016). The STOP practice can easily be incorporated:

• Before engaging in difficult conversations (with patients, their families, a manager, a colleague)
• In between clients/patients - to “reset” before starting with the next patient
• In day-to-day mundane tasks such as cleaning equipment, hand-washing, etc.

Other practical mindfulness applications include:(Nguyen 2019, Pappous 2020)

• Mindful walking
• Mindful breathing
  • Breathing-based meditations
  • Box breathing
  • 4-7-8 breathing
• Mindful movement (yoga)
• Body scan
• Mini meditation exercises

Key Reminders about Mindfulness

Mindfulness:

• is grounded in science, not just some mystique hokey pokey practice
• is a tool to empower our patients to self-manage their conditions
• can help reduce symptoms of stress, depression and pain
• can be an effective approach to the management of chronic pain
• can enhance stress management, improve self-compassion and prevent burnout
• promotes calmness and resilience in the face of adversity