Medical Imaging: Difference between revisions

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* <p align="justify"> [[X-Rays|X-rays]] (including eg plain xrays, DEXA scans, fluoroscopy)  </p>
* <p align="justify"> [[X-Rays|X-rays]] (including eg plain xrays, DEXA scans, fluoroscopy)  </p>
* <p align="justify"> Magnetic resonance imaging ([[MRI Scans|MRI]])  </p>
* <p align="justify"> Magnetic resonance imaging ([[MRI Scans|MRI]])  </p>
* [[nuclear medicine]]: often cross-sectional radiotracer scanning e.g. PET is considered a separate modality from 'traditional' scintigraphy e.g. bone scans
* [[Ultrasound Scans|Ultrasound]] (US)
* [[Ultrasound Scans|Ultrasound]] (US)
* [[CT Scans|Computed tomography]] (CT)
* [[CT Scans|Computed tomography]] (CT)
* [[nuclear medicine]]: often cross-sectional radiotracer scanning e.g. PET is considered a separate modality from 'traditional' scintigraphy e.g. bone scans
* Hybrid modalities<ref>Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/modality?lang=us Modalities] Available from:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/modality?lang=us (accessed 7.4.2021)</ref>
* Hybrid modalities<ref>Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/modality?lang=us Modalities] Available from:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/modality?lang=us (accessed 7.4.2021)</ref>
Medical imaging, especially X-ray based examinations and ultrasonography, is crucial in a variety of medical setting and at all major levels of health care. In public health and preventive medicine as well as in both curative and palliative care, effective decisions depend on correct diagnoses. Though medical/clinical judgment may be sufficient prior to treatment of many conditions, the use of diagnostic imaging services is paramount in confirming, correctly assessing and documenting courses of many diseases as well as in assessing responses to treatment
Medical imaging, especially X-ray based examinations and ultrasonography, is crucial in a variety of medical setting and at all major levels of health care. In public health and preventive medicine as well as in both curative and palliative care, effective decisions depend on correct diagnoses. Though medical/clinical judgment may be sufficient prior to treatment of many conditions, the use of diagnostic imaging services is paramount in confirming, correctly assessing and documenting courses of many diseases as well as in assessing responses to treatment
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* <p align="justify"> It is important to know when imaging is appropriate, as unnecessary imaging will squander financial resources and increase potential for premature surgery.  </p>
* <p align="justify"> It is important to know when imaging is appropriate, as unnecessary imaging will squander financial resources and increase potential for premature surgery.  </p>
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm9iaq8uMkI|width}}<ref>The Audiopedia What is Medical Imaging? What does Medical Imaging mean? Medical Imaging meaning & explanation Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm9iaq8uMkI (last accessed 1.10.19)</ref>
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm9iaq8uMkI|width}}<ref>The Audiopedia What is Medical Imaging? What does Medical Imaging mean? Medical Imaging meaning & explanation Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm9iaq8uMkI (last accessed 1.10.19)</ref>
== Health Care Team    ==
==Nuclear Medicine==
Imaging for medical purposes involves a team which includes the service of radiologists, radiographers (X-ray technologists), sonographers (ultrasound technologists), medical physicists, nurses, biomedical engineers, and other support staff working together to optimize the wellbeing of patients, one at a time. Appropriate use of medical imaging requires a multidisciplinary approach.<ref name=":2" />
Nuclear medicine in vivo is the practice of utilising small amounts of radioactive substances (unsealed radioactive sources) to diagnose, monitor and treat disease. The utilisation of radiopharmaceuticals offers a unique perspective on both disease and cancer treatment<ref>Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/nuclear-medicine?lang=gb Nuclear medicine] Available from: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/nuclear-medicine?lang=gb (accessed 7.4.2021)</ref>.


==Electron Microscopy==
Included in Nuclear Medicine are:
<p align="justify">
# <p align="justify"> Bone scan is an imaging technique that uses a radioactive compound to identify areas of healing within the bone. Bone scans work by drawing blood from the patient and tagging it with a bone seeking radiopharmaceutical. This radioactive compound emits gamma radiation. The blood is then returned to the patient intravenously. As the body begins its metabolic activity at the site of the injury, the blood tagged by the radioactive compound is absorbed at the bone and the gamma radiation at the site of the injury can be detected with an external gamma camera. A bone scan can be beneficial in determining injury to the bone within the first 24-48 hours of injury or when the displacement is too small to be detected by an x-ray or CT scan.<ref name="Swain">Swain J, Bush K.  Diagnostic Imaging for Physical Therapists. St. Louis:  Saunders Elsevier; 2009</ref>.<ref>College A. ACR Practice Guideline For The Performance Of Adult and Pediatric Skeletal Scintigraphy ( Bone Scan ). North. 2007:1-5.</ref> </p>
The electron microscope is a microscope that can magnify very small details with high resolving power due to the use of electrons as the source of illumination, magnifying at levels up to 2,000,000 times.  
[[File:PET scan brain.png|thumb|200x200px|PET Scan of brain]]2. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is primarily used to detect diseases of the brain and heart. Similarly to nuclear medicine, a short-lived isotope, such as 18F, is incorporated into a substance used by the body such as glucose which is absorbed by the tumor of interest. PET scans are often viewed alongside computed tomography scans, which can be performed on the same equipment without moving the patient. This allows the tumors detected by the PET scan to be viewed next to the rest of the patient's anatomy detected by the CT scan.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Electron microscopy is employed in anatomic pathology to identify organelles within the cells. Its usefulness has been greatly reduced by immunhistochemistry but it is still irreplaceable for the diagnosis of kidney disease, identification of immotile cilia syndrome and many other tasks.  
</p>


== Nuclear Medicine  ==
3. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is a widely used imaging technique in nuclear medicine for the visualization of organs, such as the bones, heart and brain, as well as for the detection of tumors.<ref>Warwick, J.M. Imaging of Brain Function Using SPECT. ''Metab Brain Dis'' 19, 113–123 (2004) obtained from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:MEBR.0000027422.48744.a3 doi:10.1023/B:MEBR.0000027422.48744.a3</ref>  Because of its capability to visualize and quantify changes in the cerebral blood flow and neurotransmitter system, it has important use in the differential diagnosis of neurological and psychiatric diseases. <ref>Andrew B. Newberg, Abass Alavi, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography☆, Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, Elsevier, 2017, ISBN 9780128093245, obtained from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128093245024871 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.02487-1</ref>
<p align="justify">
Nuclear medicine on a whole encompasses both the diagnosis and treatment of disease using nuclear properties. In imaging, a radiopharmaceutical is injected to the patient, radiopharmaceuticals are drugs that contain radioactive isotopes, these then decay and emit energy that helps produce the images.. 
</p>
<p align="justify">
Gamma cameras are used in nuclear medicine to detect regions of biological activity that are often associated with diseases. A short lived isotope, such as 123I is administered to the patient. These isotopes are more readily absorbed by biologically active regions of the body, such as tumors or fracture points in bones.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Bone scan is an imaging technique that uses a radioactive compound to identify areas of healing within the bone. Bone scans work by drawing blood from the patient and tagging it with a bone seeking radiopharmaceutical. This radioactive compound emits gamma radiation. The blood is then returned to the patient intravenously. As the body begins its metabolic activity at the site of the injury, the blood tagged by the radioactive compound is absorbed at the bone and the gamma radiation at the site of the injury can be detected with an external gamma camera. A bone scan can be beneficial in determining injury to the bone within the first 24-48 hours of injury or when the displacement is too small to be detected by an x-ray or CT scan.<ref name="Swain">Swain J, Bush K.  Diagnostic Imaging for Physical Therapists. St. Louis:  Saunders Elsevier; 2009</ref>
</p>Indications for Bone Scans:
[[File:Bone Scan Stress Fracture.jpg|thumb|Stress Fracture under Bone Scan]]
#Primary and metastatic bone neoplasms.
#Disease progression or response to therapy.
#Paget’s disease of bone.
#Stress and/or occult fractures.
#Trauma – accidental and non-accidental.
#Osteomyelitis.
#Musculoskeletal inflammation or infection.
#Bone viability (grafts, infarcts, osteonecrosis).
#Metabolic bone disease.
#Arthritides.
#Prosthetic joint loosening and infection.
#Pain of suspected musculoskeletal etology.
#Myositis ossificans.
#Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS 1). Reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
#Abnormal radiographic or laboratory findings.
#Distribution of osteoblastic activity prior to administration of therapeutic radio-pharmaceuticals for treating bone pain.<ref>College A. ACR Practice Guideline For The Performance Of Adult and Pediatric Skeletal Scintigraphy ( Bone Scan ). North. 2007:1-5.</ref>
 
== Electron Microscopy  ==
[[File:PET scan brain.png|thumb|200x200px|PET Scan of brain]]
 
=== Positron Emission Tomography ===
<p align="justify">
Positron emission tomography (PET) is primarily used to detect diseases of the brain and heart. Similarly to nuclear medicine, a short-lived isotope, such as 18F, is incorporated into a substance used by the body such as glucose which is absorbed by the tumor of interest. PET scans are often viewed alongside computed tomography scans, which can be performed on the same equipment without moving the patient. This allows the tumors detected by the PET scan to be viewed next to the rest of the patient's anatomy detected by the CT scan.
</p><p align="justify"> </p>
 
=== Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography ===
<p align="justify">
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is a widely used imaging technique in nuclear medicine for the visualization of organs, such as the bones, heart and brain, as well as for the detection of tumors.<ref>Warwick, J.M. Imaging of Brain Function Using SPECT. ''Metab Brain Dis'' 19, 113–123 (2004) obtained from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:MEBR.0000027422.48744.a3 doi:10.1023/B:MEBR.0000027422.48744.a3</ref>  Because of its capability to visualize and quantify changes in the cerebral blood flow and neurotransmitter system, it has important use in the differential diagnosis of neurological and psychiatric diseases. <ref>Andrew B. Newberg, Abass Alavi, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography☆, Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, Elsevier, 2017, ISBN 9780128093245, obtained from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128093245024871 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.02487-1</ref>
</p><p align="justify"> </p>


== Optoacoustic Imaging ==
== Optoacoustic Imaging ==
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</ref> as well limb and muscle ischemia.<ref>Chen L, Ma H, Liu H, et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5446508/ Quantitative photoacoustic imaging for early detection of muscle ischemia injury]. ''Am J Transl Res''. 2017;9(5):2255–2265. Published 2017 May 15 obtained from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5446508/</ref>
</ref> as well limb and muscle ischemia.<ref>Chen L, Ma H, Liu H, et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5446508/ Quantitative photoacoustic imaging for early detection of muscle ischemia injury]. ''Am J Transl Res''. 2017;9(5):2255–2265. Published 2017 May 15 obtained from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5446508/</ref>
</p>
</p>
== Health Care Team ==
Imaging for medical purposes involves a team which includes the service of radiologists, radiographers (X-ray technologists), sonographers (ultrasound technologists), medical physicists, nurses, biomedical engineers, and other support staff working together to optimize the wellbeing of patients, one at a time. Appropriate use of medical imaging requires a multidisciplinary approach.<ref name=":2" />


==Diagnostic Imaging for Body Regions==
==Diagnostic Imaging for Body Regions==

Revision as of 08:25, 7 April 2021

Original Editor - Rachael Lowe Top Contributors - Rachael Lowe, Lucinda hampton, Donald John Auson, Admin, Melissa Coetsee, Kim Jackson, Naomi O'Reilly, Adam Vallely Farrell and Karen Wilson

Overview[edit | edit source]

Structural MRI animation.ogv.jpg

Medical imaging is home to all diagnostic and therapeutic investigations/interventions conducted in a typical radiology department. It encompasses different imaging modalities and processes to image the human body for diagnostic, treatment and follow up purposes and plays an important role in initiatives to improve public health for all population groups[1]. It includes:

  • X-rays (including eg plain xrays, DEXA scans, fluoroscopy)

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

  • Ultrasound (US)
  • Computed tomography (CT)
  • nuclear medicine: often cross-sectional radiotracer scanning e.g. PET is considered a separate modality from 'traditional' scintigraphy e.g. bone scans
  • Hybrid modalities[2]

Medical imaging, especially X-ray based examinations and ultrasonography, is crucial in a variety of medical setting and at all major levels of health care. In public health and preventive medicine as well as in both curative and palliative care, effective decisions depend on correct diagnoses. Though medical/clinical judgment may be sufficient prior to treatment of many conditions, the use of diagnostic imaging services is paramount in confirming, correctly assessing and documenting courses of many diseases as well as in assessing responses to treatment

  • Imaging is a useful resource for many conditions and is an invaluable tool for physical therapists when used appropriately.

  • It is important to know when imaging is appropriate, as unnecessary imaging will squander financial resources and increase potential for premature surgery.

[3]

Nuclear Medicine[edit | edit source]

Nuclear medicine in vivo is the practice of utilising small amounts of radioactive substances (unsealed radioactive sources) to diagnose, monitor and treat disease. The utilisation of radiopharmaceuticals offers a unique perspective on both disease and cancer treatment[4].

Included in Nuclear Medicine are:

  1. Bone scan is an imaging technique that uses a radioactive compound to identify areas of healing within the bone. Bone scans work by drawing blood from the patient and tagging it with a bone seeking radiopharmaceutical. This radioactive compound emits gamma radiation. The blood is then returned to the patient intravenously. As the body begins its metabolic activity at the site of the injury, the blood tagged by the radioactive compound is absorbed at the bone and the gamma radiation at the site of the injury can be detected with an external gamma camera. A bone scan can be beneficial in determining injury to the bone within the first 24-48 hours of injury or when the displacement is too small to be detected by an x-ray or CT scan.[5].[6]

PET Scan of brain

2. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is primarily used to detect diseases of the brain and heart. Similarly to nuclear medicine, a short-lived isotope, such as 18F, is incorporated into a substance used by the body such as glucose which is absorbed by the tumor of interest. PET scans are often viewed alongside computed tomography scans, which can be performed on the same equipment without moving the patient. This allows the tumors detected by the PET scan to be viewed next to the rest of the patient's anatomy detected by the CT scan.

3. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is a widely used imaging technique in nuclear medicine for the visualization of organs, such as the bones, heart and brain, as well as for the detection of tumors.[7] Because of its capability to visualize and quantify changes in the cerebral blood flow and neurotransmitter system, it has important use in the differential diagnosis of neurological and psychiatric diseases. [8]

Optoacoustic Imaging[edit | edit source]

Also known as Photoacoustic Imaging, is an upcoming biomedical imaging modality availing the benefits of optical resolution and acoustic depth of penetration. With its capacity to offer structural, functional, molecular and kinetic information making use of either endogenous contrast agents like hemoglobin, lipid, melanin and water or a variety of exogenous contrast agents or both, Optoacoustic imaging has demonstrated promising potential in a wide range of preclinical and clinical applications.[9]

Clinical applications of optoacoustic imaging include:[9]

  • Breast imaging
  • Dermatologic Imaging
    • Pilosebaceous units
    • Skin cancer
    • Inflammatory skin diseases
  • Vascular Imaging
    • Cutaneous miscrovasculature
    • Vascular Dysfunction
    • Wound Imaging
  • Carotid Vessel Imaging
  • Musculoskeletal Imaging
  • Gastrointestinal Imaging
  • Adipose Tissue Imaging

Recent studies showed the potential use of optoacoustic imaging in the assessment, diagnosis and monitoring of treatment in patients with inflammatory arthritis[10] as well limb and muscle ischemia.[11]

Health Care Team[edit | edit source]

Imaging for medical purposes involves a team which includes the service of radiologists, radiographers (X-ray technologists), sonographers (ultrasound technologists), medical physicists, nurses, biomedical engineers, and other support staff working together to optimize the wellbeing of patients, one at a time. Appropriate use of medical imaging requires a multidisciplinary approach.[1]

Diagnostic Imaging for Body Regions[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 WHO Diagnostic Imaging Available from: https://www.who.int/diagnostic_imaging/en/(accessed 7.4.2021)
  2. ↑ Radiopedia Modalities Available from:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/modality?lang=us (accessed 7.4.2021)
  3. ↑ The Audiopedia What is Medical Imaging? What does Medical Imaging mean? Medical Imaging meaning & explanation Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm9iaq8uMkI (last accessed 1.10.19)
  4. ↑ Radiopedia Nuclear medicine Available from: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/nuclear-medicine?lang=gb (accessed 7.4.2021)
  5. ↑ Swain J, Bush K. Diagnostic Imaging for Physical Therapists. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2009
  6. ↑ College A. ACR Practice Guideline For The Performance Of Adult and Pediatric Skeletal Scintigraphy ( Bone Scan ). North. 2007:1-5.
  7. ↑ Warwick, J.M. Imaging of Brain Function Using SPECT. Metab Brain Dis 19, 113–123 (2004) obtained from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:MEBR.0000027422.48744.a3 doi:10.1023/B:MEBR.0000027422.48744.a3
  8. ↑ Andrew B. Newberg, Abass Alavi, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography☆, Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, Elsevier, 2017, ISBN 9780128093245, obtained from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128093245024871 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.02487-1
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Amalina Binte Ebrahim Attia, Ghayathri Balasundaram, Mohesh Moothanchery, U.S. Dinish, Renzhe Bi, Vasilis Ntziachristos, Malini Olivo, A review of clinical photoacoustic imaging: Current and future trends, Photoacoustics, Volume 16, 2019, 100144, ISSN 2213-5979, obtained from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597919300679 doi: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100144
  10. ↑ Jo J, Tian C, Xu G, et al. Photoacoustic tomography for human musculoskeletal imaging and inflammatory arthritis detection. Photoacoustics. 2018;12:82–89. Published 2018 Jul 27 obtained from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6306364/ doi:10.1016/j.pacs.2018.07.004
  11. ↑ Chen L, Ma H, Liu H, et al. Quantitative photoacoustic imaging for early detection of muscle ischemia injury. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9(5):2255–2265. Published 2017 May 15 obtained from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5446508/
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