Dial Test

Original Editors - Gaëlle Vertriest as part of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project

Top Contributors - Tomer Yona, Gaëlle Vertriest, Rachael Lowe, Admin, Kim Jackson, Yvonne Yap, Uchechukwu Chukwuemeka, Daphne Jackson, Kai A. Sigel, WikiSysop, Wanda van Niekerk and Tony Lowe

Purpose

The purpose of the Dial Test is to diagnose Posterolateral Knee Instability, as well as to differentiate between isolated Postero-lateral corner (PLC) injury and combination of PLC and Posterior Cruciate Ligament injury (PCL).

The test can be clinically valuable when:

1. Three posterolateral structures (Popliteus tendon, Popliteofibular ligament, Lateral collateral ligament) are injured.
2. There is combined injury to the PCL and two other posterolateral structures.

Its important to know that when only one or two structures are injured , the dial test is not enough to diagnose the injury.

For an isolated PCL tear, the posterior drawer test or sag tests are more relevant.

Clinically Relevant Anatomy

Relevant structures of the posterolateral corner in the knee

1. Preventing abnormal knee varus opening to applied forces
   • Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament is the primary restraint to varus motion at all positions of knee flexion
   • Popliteus tendon and popliteofibular ligament play important secondary role to preventing abnormal varus opening
   • Both the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and PCL are recruited to help resist varus moments when the fibular collateral ligament and other posterolateral structures are absent.
2. Secondary role in preventing anterior tibial translation
   • Usually with an ACL injury, a injured PLC can cause increased anterior translation of the knee
3. Prevents primary external rotation of the knee
   • The popliteus tendon, popliteofibular ligament, and fibular collateral ligament are the primary stabilizers to external rotation
   • PCL and the ACL are important secondary stabilizers to external tibial rotation of the knee at 90° of knee flexion
4. Minor role in preventing posterior tibial translation and tibial internal rotation

Technique

The test can be done with the patient either in prone or supine position (Different authors prefer different positions )

The goal of test is to inspect the external rotation (foot-thigh angle, best measured in a clinical setting )at the knee joint while the knees are in 30° and 90° of flexion.

Patient in prone position:

The clinician flexes the patient knees to 30° and places both hands on the feet of the patient, cupping his heels. A maximal external rotation force is then applied, and the foot-thigh angle is measured and compared with the other side. The knees are then flexed to 90°, and again an external rotation force is applied and the foot-thigh angle is measured again.

If the clinician choose to do the test while the patient is in supine position, there are two possible positions:

1. Same as in prone position - the knees are held together and bent to 30°, the clinician turns the lower legs and feet outwards and compares the amount of external rotation using the tibial tubercle as point of reference. Repeat the test with the knees at 90°.
   
2. The knee is flexed over the side of the bed. The clinician stabilized the thigh and apply an external rotation force through the foot and ankle. Then, the clinician looks for the amount of external rotation of the tibial tubercle, and compare it with the other knee .
   

    

Evaluation

The test is positive when there is more than 10° of external rotation in the injured knee compared to the uninjured knee.

There are two types of different injuries:

• An isolated injury to the PLC - more than 10° of external rotation in the injured knee is present at 30° of flexion, but not at 90° of flexion.
• Instability of the PCL: more than 10° of external rotation in the injured knee is present at 90° of flexion, but not at 30° of flexion.
• A combined injury: more than 10° of external rotation in the injured knee is present at 30° and 90° of flexion. This is an injury of the PCL and the PLC.

Because of the difficulty in measuring the external rotation angle, Magee describes the following method of evaluation in his book: If the tibia rotates less at 90° than at 30°, an isolated posterolateral (popliteus corner) injury is more likely. If the knee rotates more at 90°, injury to both the popliteus corner and posterior cruciate ligament is more likely.

An isolated ACL injury should also not be excluded with a positive dial test as a torn ACL can contribute to up to 7° of external rotation during the test.

Reliability

In their research from 2013, Krause et al investigated the intra-tester and inter-tester reliability of the test by using a handheld digital inclinometer to measure the external rotation of the tibia. It was performed on both knees at 30° and 90° of knee flexion with the subject supine. While maintaining a neutral position of the ankle, an inclinometer was positioned parallel to the medial border of the foot to quantify external rotation of the tibia. Two examiners performed the dial test in a blinded manner. The minimal detectable change across repeated measures and side-to-side difference was calculated.

Intra-tester reliability was 0.83-0.86 at 30° knee flexion and 0.87-0.89 at 90° knee flexion. Inter-tester reliability was 0.74 at 30° and 0.83 at 90°, suggesting that using a handheld digital inclinometer to measure external rotation can be performed with acceptable reliability in the clinical setting. A difference of 10° between two measurements on the same knee suggests that a meaningful change has occurred. For right to left comparison, differences greater than 15° suggest clinical significance.

According to a diagnostic accuracy research that provided predictive values, probability ratios, sensitivity, and specificity, the dial test's sensitivity and specificity for an isolated PLC injury were 0.20 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.39) and 1.00 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.00). 1..00 (95% CI 0.52 to 1.00) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.80) were the PPV and NPV, respectively. In the dial test for isolated PLC damage detection, LR+ and LR− were 0.80 (95% CI 0.41 to 1.57) and infinite (95% CI calculation not feasible, infinity). They found that while a test that is positive at 30° and negative at 90° of knee flexion can rule out a PLC injury, it also shows a PLC injury without concurrent damage to the PCL or medial collateral ligament.