Considerations in Cervical Spine and Upper Limb Manual Muscle Testing: Difference between revisions
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=== Age === | === Age === | ||
As individuals age, there is a notable decline in muscular strength, with losses occurring at a rate of approximately 12% to 14% per decade after reaching 50 years of age.<ref>Volaklis KA, Halle M, Meisinger C. Muscular strength as a strong predictor of mortality: A narrative review. European Journal of Internal Medicine [Internet]. 2015 Jun 1;26(5):303–10</ref> Given this age-related decline, health authorities must consider the implementation of strength tests, such as hand grip and leg strength assessments, as screening activities to predict the potential risk of falls and the development of functional disabilities among older adults in the community.<ref>Wickramarachchi B, Torabi MR, Perera B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9969476/ Effects of Physical Activity on Physical Fitness and Functional Ability in Older Adults.] Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine. 2023 Feb 23;9:233372142311584.</ref> | As individuals age, there is a notable decline in muscular strength, with losses occurring at a rate of approximately 12% to 14% per decade after reaching 50 years of age.<ref>Volaklis KA, Halle M, Meisinger C. Muscular strength as a strong predictor of mortality: A narrative review. European Journal of Internal Medicine [Internet]. 2015 Jun 1;26(5):303–10</ref> Given this age-related decline, health authorities must consider the implementation of strength tests, such as hand grip and leg strength assessments, as screening activities to predict the potential risk of falls and the development of functional disabilities among older adults in the community.<ref>Wickramarachchi B, Torabi MR, Perera B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9969476/ Effects of Physical Activity on Physical Fitness and Functional Ability in Older Adults.] Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine. 2023 Feb 23;9:233372142311584.</ref> | ||
=== Gender === | |||
Males consistently exhibit superior mechanical muscle function compared to females regardless of age, as evidenced by various measures.<ref>Elam C, Aagaard P, Slinde F, Svantesson U, Hulthén L, Magnusson PS, et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8012187/ The effects of ageing on functional capacity and stretch-shortening cycle muscle power.] Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2021 Mar 17;33(3):250–60.</ref> | |||
Moreover, in adult populations, the disparities in strength between sexes are more prominent in upper-body muscles than lower-body muscles, and in concentric contractions compared to eccentric contractions. The observed greater strength in males cannot be solely attributed to higher voluntary activation; rather, it is primarily attributed to the presence of greater muscle mass and larger type II fibre areas.<ref>Nuzzo JL. [https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2023/02000/narrative_review_of_sex_differences_in_muscle.28.aspx Narrative Review of Sex Differences in Muscle Strength, Endurance, Activation, Size, Fiber Type, and Strength Training Participation Rates, Preferences, Motivations, Injuries, and Neuromuscular Adaptations.] Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2022 Nov 15;37(2):494–536.</ref> | |||
== Resources == | == Resources == | ||
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Introduction[edit | edit source]
Muscle strength stands as a cornerstone of the human body's ability to facilitate both stability and mobility within the musculoskeletal system. As an essential component of the objective examination, the assessment of muscle strength not only sheds light on an individual's physical strength but also offers valuable insights into potential neurological deficits.
When assessing muscle strength, one should consider various factors that can influence the results, including occupation, hand dominance, age, gender, fatigue, medication, and the time of day. These elements can impact muscle strength testing and should be carefully accounted for during the evaluation process.
Occupation[edit | edit source]
Research has demonstrated substantial variations in static muscular strength across diverse occupations.[1] Additionally, findings from a study by Singh et al. (2018) suggest that female handicraft workers may experience occupational stress, resulting in decreased grip strength compared to their counterparts in office-based roles.[2]
Hand Dominance[edit | edit source]
In healthy individuals, the grip strength of the dominant hand is approximately 10% greater than that of the nondominant hand, with right-handed individuals exhibiting more pronounced differences.[3]
Age[edit | edit source]
As individuals age, there is a notable decline in muscular strength, with losses occurring at a rate of approximately 12% to 14% per decade after reaching 50 years of age.[4] Given this age-related decline, health authorities must consider the implementation of strength tests, such as hand grip and leg strength assessments, as screening activities to predict the potential risk of falls and the development of functional disabilities among older adults in the community.[5]
Gender[edit | edit source]
Males consistently exhibit superior mechanical muscle function compared to females regardless of age, as evidenced by various measures.[6]
Moreover, in adult populations, the disparities in strength between sexes are more prominent in upper-body muscles than lower-body muscles, and in concentric contractions compared to eccentric contractions. The observed greater strength in males cannot be solely attributed to higher voluntary activation; rather, it is primarily attributed to the presence of greater muscle mass and larger type II fibre areas.[7]
Resources[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Chandra AM, Ghosh S, Iqbal R, Sadhu N. A Comparative Assessment of the Impact of Different Occupations on Workers’ Static Musculoskeletal Fitness. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2007 Jan;13(3):271–8.
- ↑ Singh AK, Meena ML, Chaudhary H, Dangayach GS. A comparative assessment of static muscular strength among female operative’s working in different handicraft occupations in India. Health Care for Women International. 2018 Dec 20;40(4):459–78
- ↑ Wang YC, Bohannon RW, Li X, Sindhu B, Kapellusch J. Hand-Grip Strength: Normative Reference Values and Equations for Individuals 18 to 85 Years of Age Residing in the United States. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2018 Aug 31;48(9):685–93.
- ↑ Volaklis KA, Halle M, Meisinger C. Muscular strength as a strong predictor of mortality: A narrative review. European Journal of Internal Medicine [Internet]. 2015 Jun 1;26(5):303–10
- ↑ Wickramarachchi B, Torabi MR, Perera B. Effects of Physical Activity on Physical Fitness and Functional Ability in Older Adults. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine. 2023 Feb 23;9:233372142311584.
- ↑ Elam C, Aagaard P, Slinde F, Svantesson U, Hulthén L, Magnusson PS, et al. The effects of ageing on functional capacity and stretch-shortening cycle muscle power. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2021 Mar 17;33(3):250–60.
- ↑ Nuzzo JL. Narrative Review of Sex Differences in Muscle Strength, Endurance, Activation, Size, Fiber Type, and Strength Training Participation Rates, Preferences, Motivations, Injuries, and Neuromuscular Adaptations. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2022 Nov 15;37(2):494–536.
