Back Education Program

Welcome to the Back Education Program.  This is a program being created by the students in the School of Physical Therapy at Bellarmine University in Louisville KY for successful completion of their Capstone. Please do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!

Original Editors - Hannah Anderson, Dan McCoy, Rebecca Porter and Millie Ware 

Top Contributors - Rebecca Porter, Hannah Anderson, Elaine Lonnemann, Laura Ritchie, Millie Deason, Kim Jackson, Daniel McCoy, Admin, Evan Thomas, Shreya Pavaskar, WikiSysop, Vidya Acharya, Lucinda hampton and Kalyani Yajnanarayan

An Evidence-Informed Back Education Program

About Low Back Pain   

Are you experiencing low back pain? You are not alone! Look at these statistics...

• As many as 80% of Americans have symptoms of low back pain during their lifetime             
  
• Low back pain is the leading cause of injury and disability for those younger than 45 years old      
• Each year, approximately $26 billion dollars are spent in the United States for the treatment of low back pain

Is pain always bad? No. Pain is a warning sign to our body that something is not physiologically correct. We feel pain when there is structural damage, sign of an infection, a previous structure has been reinjured, etc. Pain is a helpful indicator for us to get treatment to heal our bodies.

Before you are able to truly understand back pain, it is important to know your body's anatomy. 

Your spine is made up of 33 small bones called vertebrae. Together, they form what is know as the vertebral column. There are 7 vertebrae in the cervical region which is your neck; 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region which is your upper back; 5 vertebrae in your lumbar spine which is your lower back; and 5 sacral vertebrae and 4 coccyx which are located below that.

 

Between each of the vertebrae is a disc that acts as a cushion and a shock absorber. These intervertebral discs are made up of two parts-- the nucleus pulposis and the annulus fibrosis. The nucleus pulposis is in the middle of the disc and is jelly-like due to its large water content; it is composed of up to 80% water! The annulus fibrosis surrounds this nucleus and so forms the outer part of the disc. These discs play an important role in keeping the back healthy! For more information on these discs, go to section Why Does My Back Hurt.     

Other important parts of the spine:                

• Facet: the joint where the vertebrae connect
• Spinal cord
• Nerves: diverge off of the spinal cord and run to different parts of the body                                                                                               
  

Your spine has three natural curves that begin to develop from the moment a baby lifts his/her head and gravity begins to work on the body. The curves keep the spine from being completely rigid and help the spine to tolerate a little bit more compression. To understand the normal curves of a spine, there are 2 terms you need to know—lordosis and kyphosis. Lordosis is when the spine curves inward and a kyphosis is when the spine curves outward.   The cervical portion of the spine is in a lordosis, the thoracic portion is in a kyphosis, and the lumbar spine is in a lordosis. These nice curves of the back increase the load bearing capacity of the spine.

(pic)

The spine has 4 main motions—forward bending, backward bending, sidebending, and rotation. These motions can also be coupled. For instance, you can have forward bending with rotation or backward bending with sidebending. Below, we demonstrate these motions and report typical lumbar spine active range of motion. 

Forward bending (flexion): 60 degrees'''''' (pic)'

Backward bending (extension): 25 degrees (pic of ourself)

Lateral flexion (sidebending): 25 degrees to each side (pic of ourself)

Rotation: 30 degrees to each side (pic of ourself)

An example of coupled motion: Forward bending with coupled rotation (pic of ourself)

Many muscles work together to help make these spinal motions possible! These back muscles can be classified into three different layers-- superficial, intermediate, and deep.

Superficial Layer:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Trapezius	Medial 1/3 of nuchal line; external occipital protuberance; nuchal ligament; C7-T12 spinous processes	Lateral third of clavicle; acromion; spine of scapula	Upper fibers: scapular elevation; Lower fibers: scapular depression; middle fibers: scapular retraction
Latissimus dorsi	T6-T12 spinous processes; thoracolumbar fascia; iliac crest; inferior ribs	Intertubercular sulcus of humerus	Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus, shoulder girdle depression
Rhomboid major	T2-T5 spinous processes	Medial border of scapula from base of the spine to inferior angle	Scapular elevation and inferior rotation; stabilizes scapula to thoracic wall
Rhomboid minor	Nuchal ligament and C7-T1 spinous processes	Base of scapular spine	Scapular elevation and inferior rotation; stabilizes scapula to thoracic wall
Levator scapulae	C1-C4 transverse process, posterior tubercles	Medial border of scapula superior to base of spine	Elevation and downward rotation of scapula

 

Intermediate Layer:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Serratus posterior inferior	T11-12 spinous processes	Inferior borders of 8th-12th ribs near the angle	Elevate ribs
Serratus posterior superior	Nuchal ligament and C7-T3 spinous process	Superior borders ribs 2-4	Elevate ribs

 
For the deep layer, the following acronym helps to remember the muscles: I Love Spaghetti Says Mama Ragu. The Iliocostalis, Longissiums, and Spinalis muscles make up what is known as the erector spinae. The Semisplinalis, Multifidus, and Rotatores together make up the transversospinalsi muscles.

Deep Layer:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Iliocostalis (I)	From common tendon from posterior iliac crest, sacrum, SI ligaments, spinous processes, and supraspinous ligaments	Angle of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes	Acting together with the other erector spinae muscles, extend the trunk and neck; acting alone laterally flex the trunk toward side of activity
Longissimus (Love)	Same as above	Ribs between the angle and tubercle; thoracic and cervical transverse process and mastoid process	Same as above
Spinalis (Spaghetti)	Same as above	Spinous processes and cranium	Same as above
Semispinalis (Says)	C4-T10 transverse processes	Occiput; cervical upper thoracic spinous process; spans 4-6 ligaments	Acting together with the other transversospinalis muscles, extends head, cervical, and thoracic spine; acting along rotates away from activity
Multifidus (Mama)	Spinous processes 2-4 segments above lateral attachment	Sacrum; ilium; thoracic and lumbar transverse processes	Vertebral stablization
Rotatores (Ragu)	From thoracic vertebra transverse processes	Lamina and transverse process or spinous process junction; 1-2 segments above proximal attachment	Segmental stabilization

About Neck Pain

How common is neck pain? Here are a few statistics on its prevalance:

• Neck pain reported to be 2nd most common musculskeletal disorder that leads to disability and injury claims
• 2002: 13.8% of population > 18 years old in U.S. reported neck pain

Anatomy of the neck:

Just as with low back pain, it is important to understand the anatomy behind your neck pain! The neck is anatomically separated into the upper cervical spine and the lower cervical spine. There are 7 vertebrae that make up the cervical spine. 

The first cervical vertebra (C1) is called the Atlas. It has no vertebral body or spinous process. This vertebra articulates with the occiput, which is the base of the skull. This articulation is labeled as the OA joint; its primary motion is flexion and extension at the joint. It also performing sidebending with opposite rotation.

(picture of movements)

The second cervical vertebra (C2) is called the Axis; it has a large spinous process. The articulation between the Atlas and Axis is called the AA joint and its primary motion is rotation.

                                                               

The following pictures demonstrate the motions of the lower cervical spine (C3-C7) and report the typical active range of motion.

Flexion: 54 degrees (pic)                                                                              Extension: 77 degrees (pic)

Left Sidebending: 41 degrees (pic)                                                             Right Sidebending: 45 degrees (pic)

Left Rotation: 69 degrees (pic)                                                                     Right rotation: 69 degrees (pic)

Coupled motion -- Sidebending with ipsilateral rotation (pic)                   Non-coupled motion -- Sidebending with contralateral rotation (pic)

The muscle mentioned in the section About Back Pain also can play a role in neck pain, especially those muscles of the superficial layer. Also, deep inside the back of the neck are four important muscles called the suboccipital muscles.

Muscles	Origin	Insertion	Action
Rectus capitus posterior major	C1 spinous process	Lateral part of inferior nuchal line	extend occiput (head) on C1; rotate C1 on C2
Rectus capitus posterior minor	C1 posterior tubercle	Medial part of inferior nuchal line	same as above
Obliquus capitus superior	C1 transverse process	occiput	same as above
Obliquus capitus superior	C2 spinous process	C1 transverse process	same as above

There are certain factors that can put you at risk for neck pain. See if any of these describe you:

• Working at a desk that is ill fitting to your body
• Working at a computer for long periods of time
• Sitting with bad posture for long periods of time
• Working on above head activities (i.e. painting) for long periods of time

For Physical Therapists: What information should you be collecting when treating a patient with neck pain? The following classification system will lead you you to a treament a patient would benefit from.

Neck Classifications

Cervical Hypomobility

• Loss of ROM/flexibility
• No symptoms beyond the shoulder
• Sudden onset- sudden awkward movements can theoretically cause entrapment of the facet joint meniscus
• Gradual onset- joint stiffness can come from osteoarthritic changes, adaptive shortening of connective tissues, or adhesions after trauma to spinal segments 

Cervical Radiculopathy

• Disorder of the spinal nerve root caused by disc herniation or other space-occupying lesion (i.e. spondolytic spurs or cervical osteophytes)
• Usually present with pain in the neck and in one arm, loss of motor function, or reflex changes in affect nerve root distribution
• Most common cause is foraminal encroachment of the spinal nerve secondary to decreasing disc height and degenerative changes to the uncovertebral and facet joints

Cervical Instability

• Remote history of trauma
• Symptoms occur with sustained weight-bearing posture and relieve from non-weight bearing position
• Hypermobility with lose end feels
• Poor strength of deep cervical muscles
• Aberrant movement with AROM

Acute Pain (whiplash)

• Recent history of trauma
• Referred symptoms into upper quarter
• Poor tolerance to most interventions
• High pain a disability scores

Cervicogenic Headache

• Unilateral headache with onset proceeded by neck pain
• Triggered by neck movements or positions
• Pain elected by pressure on posterior neck especially at upper cervical joints

Why Does My Back hurt?

Back pain is becoming increasingly prevelent in our population. Pain is an indication that your body is working to protect that part of the body. Pain can be a good guide to the best healing behaviors; understanding pain can help you to deal with it effectively.

Back pain can be caused by a multitude of structures, but most cases are not identified-85%. Back pain can come from the disc, facet joint, nerve root, muscles, bones, fascia, or neurogenic claudication. The intervertebral disc usually has no nerve supply inside, but the oustide has some innervation.


Pain sensitive structures around the disc that can cause pain
-muscles
-anterior longitudinal ligament
-posterior longitudinal ligament
-vertebral body
-nerve root
-cartilage of facet joint


The natural lordotic posture decreases the pressure on the disc compared to the straight posture which can put pressure on the disc and can push fluid from the nucleus pulposis into the vertebral body (schmorl’s nodes)

Functional anatomy of the intervertebral disc.
• In forward bending or flexion, the disc bulges anteriorly/forwards and the nucleus pulposis goes posteriorly
• In backward bending or extension, the disc bulges posteriorly/backwards and the nucleus pulposis goes anteriorly
• In sidebending or lateral flexion, the disco bulges towards the side in which in movement is occurring (eg. right sidebending, right disc bulge)
• If the disc looses height, can put pressure on the facet joints, possibly increasing the risk of arthritis, and put pressure the nerve roots by decreasing the foraminal height 

Injury to the disc
-protrusion-disc bulge posteriorly without rupture of annulus fibrosis
-prolapse-outermost fibers of the annulus fibrosis contain the nucleus
-extrusion-annulus fibrosis is perforated and discal material into the epidural space
-sequestrated-fragments of annulus and nucleus are outside the disc proper
* can lead to pressure on neurological tissues and cause an inflammatory response

Anterior disc herniation
• Occurs when someone is in extension, or leaning backward, which puts pressure on the anterior/front of the disc causing it to herniated/prolapse/bulge.
• This can put pressure on nerves in the lower abdomen causing weakness or numbess, anterior longitudinal ligament, vertebral body, and transverse abdominus which can all cause pain.

Posterior disc herniation
• Occurs when some is in flexion, leaning forward, which puts pressure on the posterior/back of the disc causing it to herniate/prolapse/bulge.
• This can put pressure on your spinal cord or nerve root causing pain/weakness/numbness/reduced reflexes and the posterior longitudinal ligament causing pain 

Important to differentiate herniated disc (space occupying) which refers into the leg vs other conditions (inflammation reaction, spasms, strains, facet syndrome) which are more localized in pain


Musculoskeletal causes
-

• Facet 15-40% depending on the author

• Disc 39%

• SIJ 13%

• Undefined 33%

• Instability in the spine is also a cause of back pain

RED FLAGS for the Lumbar Spine
• Immediate referral 
1. AAA
2. Bowl or bladder weakness
• Physician follow up but not immediate referral
1. unexplained weight loss
2. Non healing sores
• Requires further physical testing
1. Unexplained weakness
2. Unexplained referred pain

Chou, MD Lumbar imaging guidelines

• http://www.lni.wa.gov/claimsins/Files/OMD/MedTreat/Imaging/LBchecklist.pdf

Lumbar Classifications
Lumbar and leg pain that centralizes with repeated movements
-Extension syndrome:
• symptoms centralize with extension
• peripheralize with flexion

-Flexion syndrome:
• symptoms centralize with flexion
• peripheralize with extension

-Lateral shift:
• visible frontal plane deviation of the shoulders relative to the pelvis
• centralize with side glide and backward bending

-Lumbar hypomobility:
• hypomobility with passive intervertebral motion
• does not travel below knee (manipulation)

-Lumbopelvic instability:
• hypermobility with posterior-anterior segmental mobility testing
• positive prone instability test

-Postpartum Instability:
• positive pelvic pain provocation
• positive ASLR
• positive modified Tendelenburg's test
• pain with palpation of pubic symphysis or sacroiliac ligament

-Lumbar radiculopathy that does not centralize with movement:
• traction, symptoms are alleviated
• no lumbar movement centralizes pain
• no directional preference in subjective or objective to alleviate leg pain
• peripheralize leg pain with backward bending
• positive SLR >45 degrees for lower leg pain
• positive crossed SLR <45 degrees
• lower extremity neurologic signs poor tolerance to weight-bearing postures

What can I do about my Low Back Pain?

For Physical Therapists: What subjective and objective information should you be collecting when treating a patient with low back pain? The following classification system by Stanton et al. will lead you to which treatment a patient would benefit from.

Manipulation or Mobilization Category  

Subjective: 

1). Symptoms < 16 days

2). Symptoms not below knee

3). Not afraid to work (FABQ < 19)

Objective:

1). Lumbar hypomobility

2). Hip internal rotation > 35 degrees for at least one hip

Stabilization Category  

Subjective:

1). Age < 40 degrees

Objective:

1). Average straight leg raise > 90 degrees

2). Abberant movement present

3). (+) prone instability test

Goal of exercises: restore strength and endurance of the transverse abdominis and lumbar multifidus

Which exercises does research show to be effective for lumbopelvic stabilization?  

Abdominal bracing

• Abdominal bracing with heel slides
• Abdominal bracing with leg lifts
• Abdominal bracing with bridges
• Abdominal bracing in standing
• Abdominal bracing with standing row exercise
• Abdominal bracing with walking
  

Erector Spinae/Multifidus

• Quadruped arm lifts and bracing
• Quadruped leg lifts and bracing
• Quadruped alternate arms and legs with bracing

Quadratus Lumborum and Oblique Abdominals

• Side support with knees forward
• Side support with knees extended

Specific Exercise Category  

Subjective: 

1). Symptoms distal to buttocks

Objective: 

1). Pain centralizes with a specific movement (can be flexion or extension)

Traction Category 

Subjective:

1). Symptoms distal to buttocks

Objective:

1). Pain peripheralizes with a specific movement (can be flexion or extension)

2). (+) Crossed straight leg raise

What can I do about my Neck Pain?

There are specific treatments based on each classification of neck pain:

• Cervical Hypomobility
• Cervical Radicuopathy 
• Cervical Instability
• Acute Pain (Whiplash)
• Cervicogenic Headache

What does the literature say about neck pain?

Exercise!

Evidence from the literature says that exercise has a significant effect in reducing chronic non-specific neck pain for short term (<1 month) and intermediate term (1-6 months)

Pictures of exercises....

Don't forget the thoracic spine. A clinical prediction rule was developed to help classify patients with mechanical neck pain that will experience early success from thoracic spine manipulation. Six variables were found:

1. Symptoms < 30 days

2. No symptoms distal to the shoulder

3. Looking up does not aggravate symptoms

4. FABQPA score < 12

5. Diminished upper thoracic spine kyphosis

6. Cervical extension < 30 degrees

If a patient demonstrates 3 of the 6 variables the chance of experiencing a successful outcome improves from 54% to 86%. If a patient has 4 of the 6 variables the chance of a successful outcome rises to 95%.

 

Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)

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