Drugs and Anti-Doping in Sport
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Introduction[edit | edit source]
What is Doping in Sport
Definitions of Doping[edit | edit source]
Doping is defined as the presence of prohibited substances or methods to unfairly improve sporting performance and to gain an advantage over competitors.[1]
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) defines that doping is the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violation set forth in Article 2.1 through 2.11 of the World Anti-Doping Code.[2]
Categories of Drugs[edit | edit source]
Drugs | Definition | Function/ Effects | Side Effects | Examples |
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Anabolic Steroids[3] | Synthetic hormones that help build muscle faster and to recover faster from training (promotes muscle growth)[3] |
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Peptides | Peptide hormones and analogues ar synthetic substances that copy natural hormones in the body[4] |
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Analgesics | Painkillers
Addictive drugs Can be oral or injectable medications |
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Stimulants | "Stimulants act on the central and peripheral nervous system to produce a number of possible psychostimulant actions such as increased alertness, hyperactivity, and altered mood."[9] |
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Diuretics | Drugs which increase the rate of water loss from the body[11] |
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Beta Blockers | Used as a relaxant, by weakening the effects of stress hormones[13] |
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Why do Athletes Take Performance Enhancing Drugs?[edit | edit source]
- To recover from injury more quickly
- To mask pain
- Influenced by others
- The will to win overrides the moral conscience
- A desire to be the best at all costs, especially when winning brings financial rewards
- Better results lead to better sponsors and endorsement contracts
- Desire to meet expectations of others
- Making the most of a short sporting life
- Willingness to cheat for public acclaim
- Feeling that their natural ability is not good enough
Why are Drugs Banned in Sports?[edit | edit source]
Conventional Arguments and Philosophical Flaws to Support Drug Bans[edit | edit source]
Argument | Philosophical Flaw |
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Naturalness[17] - sport should be about testing the natural abilities of an athlete, without help from substances and methods external to the athlete | Athletes do many things that are "unnatural" for example high altitude training, using technology/ equipment that promotes success in sport[17]Why are drugs singled out? |
Fairness[17] - the provision of a level playing field is clouded by athletes using performance-enhancing drugs | Does a level playing field really exist in other areas outside of drugs? Consider factors such as uneven access to funding, facilities, and coaching worldwide.[17] |
Health[17] - the use of performance-enhancing drugs poses short and long-term health risks to athletes
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What does health mean with respect to athletes? Consider elite athletes pushing their bodies to the limit, sometimes even with questionable training methods.[17] |
Harm to others[17] - the risk of athletes that are using performance-enhancing drugs coercing other impressionable athletes into taking these drugs (for example elite athletes doping and then younger athletes following suit) | Impressionable athletes may feel coerced to take part in unhealthy training or nutritional practices because their idols recommend these, and there is no policing of this type of information sharing.[17] |
Recommended Podcast by Anti-Doping Science: Episode 33. Why are drugs in sport banned? Part 1
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WADA
Purpose
Rule Violations
Athlete Responsibilities
Links to WADA code
Methods of Doping
Categories of WADA Prohibitive Listings
Link to Prohibited List
Testing
Blood Testing
Urine Testing
Add video on how testing works
Athletes rights
Athletes Responsibilities
Stages of Doping Control
Sub Heading 2[edit | edit source]
Sub Heading 3[edit | edit source]
Resources[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vlad RA, Hancu G, Popescu GC, Lungu IA. Doping in sports, a never-ending story?. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin. 2018 Nov;8(4):529.
- ↑ WADA. World Anti-Doping Code. Published 01 Jan 2021. Available from https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/world-anti-doping-program/world-anti-doping-code
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Bhasin S, Hatfield DL, Hoffman JR, Kraemer WJ, Labotz M, Phillips SM, Ratamess NA. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use in sports, health, and society. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2021 Aug 1;53(8):1778-94.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Gómez-Guerrero NA, González-López NM, Zapata-Velásquez JD, Martínez-Ramírez JA, Rivera-Monroy ZJ, García-Castañeda JE. Synthetic Peptides in Doping Control: A Powerful Tool for an Analytical Challenge. ACS omega. 2022 Oct 21;7(43):38193-206.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 García-Arnés JA, García-Casares N. Doping and sports endocrinology: Growth hormone, IGF-1, insulin, and erythropoietin. Revista Clínica Española (English Edition). 2023 Feb 1.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Matava MJ. Ethical considerations for analgesic use in sports medicine. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2016 Apr 1;35(2):227-43.
- ↑ Vernec A, Pipe A, Slack A. A painful dilemma? Analgesic use in sport and the role of anti-doping. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017 Sep 1;51(17):1243-4.
- ↑ Hainline B, Derman W, Vernec A, Budgett R, Deie M, Dvořák J, Harle C, Herring SA, McNamee M, Meeuwisse W, Moseley GL. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on pain management in elite athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017 Sep 1;51(17):1245-58.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Docherty JR, Alsufyani HA. Pharmacology of drugs used as stimulants. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2021 Aug;61:S53-69.
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 McDuff D, Stull T, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Hitchcock ME, Hainline B, Reardon CL. Recreational and ergogenic substance use and substance use disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review. British journal of sports medicine. 2019 Jun 1;53(12):754-60.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cadwallader AB, De La Torre X, Tieri A, Botrè F. The abuse of diuretics as performance‐enhancing drugs and masking agents in sport doping: pharmacology, toxicology and analysis. British journal of pharmacology. 2010 Sep;161(1):1-6.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Arumugham VB, Shahin MH. Therapeutic Uses Of Diuretic Agents. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Dec 12. StatPearls Publishing.
- ↑ Sarvestani MR, Madrakian T, Afkhami A. Developed electrochemical sensors for the determination of beta-blockers: A comprehensive review. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2021 Oct 15;899:115666.
- ↑ Farzam K, Jan A. Beta blockers. InStatPearls [Internet] 2022 Jul 21. StatPearls Publishing.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Rani D. Drugs, Doping and Their Effects on Sports Performance. International journal of economic perspectives. 2022 Jun 10;16(6):21-31.
- ↑ Laskin, J. An Introduction to Drugs and Anti-Doping in Sport Course. Plus. 2023
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 Hemphill D. Performance enhancement and drug control in sport: ethical considerations. Sport in society. 2009 Apr 1;12(3):313-26.
- ↑ Anti-Doping Science. Ep.33 Why are Drugs in Sport Banned? Part 1. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgRKHCKhWCA[last accessed 09/05/2023]