Functional Anatomy of the Hand: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
The hand, positioned at the end of the upper limb, is a combination of complex joints whose function is to manipulate, grip and grasp, all made possible by the opposing movement of the thumb. | |||
== Key Terms == | == Key Terms == | ||
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== Hand Structure == | == Hand Structure == | ||
The structure of human hand includes 27 bones: eight carpal bones, five metacarpal bones, fourteen digital bones, including fingers and thumb. The palm has five bones known as metacarpal bones, one to each of the 5 digits. | |||
== Bones, Articulations and Kinematics of the Hand == | == Bones, Articulations and Kinematics of the Hand == | ||
Revision as of 00:02, 6 September 2023
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Introduction[edit | edit source]
The hand, positioned at the end of the upper limb, is a combination of complex joints whose function is to manipulate, grip and grasp, all made possible by the opposing movement of the thumb.
Key Terms[edit | edit source]
Axes: lines around which an object rotates. The rotation axis is a line that passes through the centre of mass. There are three axes of rotation: sagittal passing from posterior to anterior, frontal passing from left to right, and vertical passing from inferior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations within three planes. Example: supination involves inversion, internal rotation, and plantarflexion.
Bursae: reduce friction between the moving parts of the joints. A bursa is a fluid-filled sac. There are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.
Capsule: one of the characteristics of the synovial joints. It is a fibrous connective tissue which forms a band that seals the joint space, provides passive and active stability and may even form articular surfaces for the joint. The capsular pattern is "the proportional motion restriction in range of motion during passive exercises due to tightness of the joint capsule."
Closed pack position: the position with the most congruency of the joint surfaces. In this position, joint stability increases. For example, the closed pack position for the interphalangeal joints is full extension.
Degrees of freedom: the direction of joint movement or rotation; there is a maximum of six degrees of freedom, including three translations and three rotations.
Ligament: fibrous connective tissue that holds the bones together.
Open (loose) pack position: position with the least joint congruency where joint stability is reduced.
Planes of movement: describe how the body moves. Up and down movements (flexion/extension) occur in the sagittal plane.Sideway movements (abduction/adduction) occur in the frontal plane. The transverse plane movements are rotational (internal and external rotation).
Hand Structure[edit | edit source]
The structure of human hand includes 27 bones: eight carpal bones, five metacarpal bones, fourteen digital bones, including fingers and thumb. The palm has five bones known as metacarpal bones, one to each of the 5 digits.
Bones, Articulations and Kinematics of the Hand[edit | edit source]
Bones and Articulations[edit | edit source]
Kinematics[edit | edit source]
Passive Range of Motion[edit | edit source]
Ligaments of the Hand[edit | edit source]
Muscles of the Hand[edit | edit source]
Innervation of the Hand[edit | edit source]
Vascular Supply of the Hand[edit | edit source]
Relevant Clinical Conditions[edit | edit source]
Resources[edit | edit source]
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