Drugs and Anti-Doping in Sport: Difference between revisions

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* Masks pain so athlete is back from injury sooner
* Masks pain so athlete is back from injury sooner
|Loss of concentration<ref name=":3" />
|
 
* Loss of concentration<ref name=":3" />
Loss of balance<ref name=":3" />
* Loss of balance<ref name=":3" />
 
* Dizziness<ref name=":3" />
Dizziness<ref name=":3" />
* Sedation<ref name=":3" />
 
* Nausea<ref name=":3" />
Sedation<ref name=":3" />
* Vomiting<ref name=":3" />
 
* Constipation<ref name=":3" />
Nausea<ref name=":3" />
* Addiction<ref name=":3" />
 
|
Vomiting<ref name=":3" />
* Heroin<ref name=":3" />
 
* Methadone<ref name=":3" />
Constipation<ref name=":3" />
* Pethidine
 
* Morphine  
Addiction<ref name=":3" />
* Codeine<ref name=":3" />
|Heroin<ref name=":3" />
 
Methadone<ref name=":3" />
 
Pethidine
 
Morphine  
 
Codeine<ref name=":3" />
|-
|-
| colspan="4" |Read  more:
| colspan="4" |Read  more:
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* Increased arousal<ref name=":5" />
* Increased arousal<ref name=":5" />
* Triggers relaxation and confidence<ref name=":5" />
* Triggers relaxation and confidence<ref name=":5" />
|Irritability<ref name=":5" />
|
Insomnia<ref name=":5" />
* Irritability<ref name=":5" />
 
* Insomnia<ref name=":5" />
Anxiety<ref name=":5" />
* Anxiety<ref name=":5" />
 
* Tremors<ref name=":5" />
Tremors<ref name=":5" />
* Increased blood pressure<ref name=":4" />
 
* Tachycardia<ref name=":5" />
Increased blood pressure<ref name=":4" />
* Gastric irritation<ref name=":5" />
 
|
Tachycardia<ref name=":5" />
* Amphetamines
 
* Ephedrine
Gastric irritation<ref name=":5" />
* Cocaine
|Amphetamines
* Caffeine
Ephedrine
 
Cocaine
 
Caffeine
|-
|-
| colspan="4" |Read more:
| colspan="4" |Read more:
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!Diuretics
!Diuretics
|Drugs which increase the rate of water loss from the body<ref name=":6">Cadwallader AB, De La Torre X, Tieri A, Botrè F. The abuse of diuretics as performance‐enhancing drugs and masking agents in sport doping: pharmacology, toxicology and analysis. British journal of pharmacology. 2010 Sep;161(1):1-6.</ref>
|Drugs which increase the rate of water loss from the body<ref name=":6">Cadwallader AB, De La Torre X, Tieri A, Botrè F. The abuse of diuretics as performance‐enhancing drugs and masking agents in sport doping: pharmacology, toxicology and analysis. British journal of pharmacology. 2010 Sep;161(1):1-6.</ref>
|Speeds up kidney function by producing more urine, reducing fluid retention and causing rapid weight loss
|
Often used in sports with weight categories (athletes may use it to "make the required weight" for competition)<ref name=":6" />
* Speeds up kidney function by producing more urine, reducing fluid retention and causing rapid weight loss
 
* Often used in sports with weight categories (athletes may use it to "make the required weight" for competition)<ref name=":6" />
Often used as masking agents to hide the effect of other performance-enhancing drugs<ref name=":6" />
* Often used as masking agents to hide the effect of other performance-enhancing drugs<ref name=":6" />
|Dehydration<ref name=":7">Arumugham VB, Shahin MH. T[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557838/ herapeutic Uses Of Diuretic Agents.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Dec 12. StatPearls Publishing.</ref>
|
Possible dizziness<ref name=":7" />
* Dehydration<ref name=":7">Arumugham VB, Shahin MH. T[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557838/ herapeutic Uses Of Diuretic Agents.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Dec 12. StatPearls Publishing.</ref>
 
* Possible dizziness<ref name=":7" />
Muscle cramps<ref name=":7" />
* Muscle cramps<ref name=":7" />
 
* Headaches<ref name=":7" />
Headaches<ref name=":7" />
* Nausea<ref name=":7" />
 
* Fatigue<ref name=":7" />
Nausea<ref name=":7" />
* Development of kidney illness<ref name=":7" />
 
Fatigue<ref name=":7" />
 
Development of kidney illness<ref name=":7" />
|
|
* Acetazolamide
* Acetazolamide
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!Beta Blockers
!Beta Blockers
|Used as a relaxant, by weakening the effects of stress hormones<ref>Sarvestani MR, Madrakian T, Afkhami A. Developed electrochemical sensors for the determination of beta-blockers: A comprehensive review. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2021 Oct 15;899:115666.</ref>
|Used as a relaxant, by weakening the effects of stress hormones<ref>Sarvestani MR, Madrakian T, Afkhami A. Developed electrochemical sensors for the determination of beta-blockers: A comprehensive review. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2021 Oct 15;899:115666.</ref>
|Athletes maintain a slow heart rate and low blood pressure - which is useful in tense situations such as competition<ref>Farzam K, Jan A. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532906/ Beta blockers]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2022 Jul 21. StatPearls Publishing.</ref>
|
Calming effect also helps in high-risk sports where speed is involved
* Athletes maintain a slow heart rate and low blood pressure - which is useful in tense situations such as competition<ref>Farzam K, Jan A. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532906/ Beta blockers]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2022 Jul 21. StatPearls Publishing.</ref>
* Calming effect also helps in high-risk sports where speed is involved
|
|
* Risk to athletes with low blood pressure, heart conditions, asthma<ref name=":8">Rani D. Drugs, [https://ijeponline.org/index.php/journal/article/view/270 Doping and Their Effects on Sports Performance.] International journal of economic perspectives. 2022 Jun 10;16(6):21-31.</ref>
* Risk to athletes with low blood pressure, heart conditions, asthma<ref name=":8">Rani D. Drugs, [https://ijeponline.org/index.php/journal/article/view/270 Doping and Their Effects on Sports Performance.] International journal of economic perspectives. 2022 Jun 10;16(6):21-31.</ref>

Revision as of 09:19, 9 May 2023

Original Editor - User Name

Top Contributors - Wanda van Niekerk and Jess Bell  

Introduction[edit | edit source]

What is Doping in Sport

Definitions of Doping[edit | edit source]

Doping is defined as the presence of prohibited substances or methods to unfairly improve sporting performance and to gain an advantage over competitors.[1]

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) defines that doping is the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violation set forth in Article 2.1 through 2.11 of the World Anti-Doping Code.[2]

Categories of Drugs[edit | edit source]

Drugs Definition Function/ Effects Side Effects Examples
Anabolic Steroids[3] Synthetic hormones that help build muscle faster and to recover faster from training (promotes muscle growth)[3]
  • Mimic testosterone
  • Aid in muscle repair and speed up muscle building, so an athlete can train harder and more often to increase results at a faster rate
  • Kidney failure[3]
  • Mood swings[3]
  • Anxiety[3]
  • Aggression[3]
  • High blood pressure[3]
  • Increased risk for heart attack[3]
  • Stroke[3]
  • Impotence[3]
  • Infertility[3]
  • Voice deepening[3]
  • Increased facial hair in females[3]
  • Menstrual disturbances[3]
  • Testosterone
  • Trenbolone
  • Oxymetholone
  • Methandrostenolone
  • Nandrolone
  • Stanozolol
  • Boldenone
  • Oxandrolone
Read more:
Peptides Peptide hormones and analogues ar synthetic substances that copy natural hormones in the body[4]
  • Human Growth Hormone[4]:
    • acts like an anabolic steroid
    • develops muscle
    • increases fat burning
    • reduces tiredness
  • Erythropoietin (EPO)[4]:
    • promotes the production of red blood cells and thus increases the amount of oxygen blood can transport at any one time
    • More oxygen to the muscle allows the athlete to work harder and longer
  • Human Growth Hormone[5]
    • cardiomegaly
    • hypertension
    • diabetes
    • neuropathies
    • peripheral oedema
    • orthostatic hypertension
    • carpal tunnel syndrome
    • lipid profile abnormalities
  • Erythropoietin[5]
  • with hematocrit level above 55%[5]:
    • risk of cardiovascular effects
    • hypertension
    • acute myocardial infarction
    • arrhythmias
    • thrombosis
    • oedema
    • stimulates angiongenesis and red blood cell aplasia
  • Human Growth Hormone(HGH)
  • Erythropoietin (EPO)
Read more:
Analgesics Painkillers

Addictive drugs

Can be oral or injectable medications

  • Reduces the sensation of the central nervous system (CNS) and so helps pain relief[6]
  • Masks pain so athlete is back from injury sooner
  • Heroin[6]
  • Methadone[6]
  • Pethidine
  • Morphine
  • Codeine[6]
Read more:
Stimulants "Stimulants act on the central and peripheral nervous system to produce a number of possible psychostimulant actions such as increased alertness, hyperactivity, and altered mood."[9]
  • Used to reduce feeling of tiredness so an athlete can train for longer[10]
  • Stimulates the central nervous system (CNS) making an athlete more alert[10]
  • Improved reaction time[10]
  • Improved memory[10]
  • Increased arousal[10]
  • Triggers relaxation and confidence[10]
  • Amphetamines
  • Ephedrine
  • Cocaine
  • Caffeine
Read more:
Diuretics Drugs which increase the rate of water loss from the body[11]
  • Speeds up kidney function by producing more urine, reducing fluid retention and causing rapid weight loss
  • Often used in sports with weight categories (athletes may use it to "make the required weight" for competition)[11]
  • Often used as masking agents to hide the effect of other performance-enhancing drugs[11]
  • Acetazolamide
Beta Blockers Used as a relaxant, by weakening the effects of stress hormones[13]
  • Athletes maintain a slow heart rate and low blood pressure - which is useful in tense situations such as competition[14]
  • Calming effect also helps in high-risk sports where speed is involved
  • Risk to athletes with low blood pressure, heart conditions, asthma[15]
  • May cause depressive symptoms, insomnia[15]
  • Tiredness[15]
  • Propranolol
  • Acebutolol

Why do Athletes Take Performance Enhancing Drugs?[edit | edit source]

  • To recover from injury more quickly
  • To mask pain
  • Influenced by others
  • The will to win overrides the moral conscience
  • A desire to be the best at all costs, especially when winning brings financial rewards
  • Better results lead to better sponsors and endorsement contracts
  • Desire to meet expectations of others
  • Making the most of a short sporting life
  • Willingness to cheat for public acclaim
  • Feeling that their natural ability is not good enough

Why are Drugs Banned in Sports?[edit | edit source]

Summary of two articles covered in podcasts

Add podcasts to the page

WADA

Purpose

Rule Violations

Athlete Responsibilities

Links to WADA code

Methods of Doping

Categories of WADA Prohibitive Listings

Link to Prohibited List

Testing

Blood Testing

Urine Testing

Add video on how testing works

Athletes rights

Athletes Responsibilities

Stages of Doping Control

Sub Heading 2[edit | edit source]

Sub Heading 3[edit | edit source]

Resources[edit | edit source]

  • bulleted list
  • x

or

  1. numbered list
  2. x

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Vlad RA, Hancu G, Popescu GC, Lungu IA. Doping in sports, a never-ending story?. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin. 2018 Nov;8(4):529.
  2. ↑ WADA. World Anti-Doping Code. Published 01 Jan 2021. Available from https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/world-anti-doping-program/world-anti-doping-code
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Bhasin S, Hatfield DL, Hoffman JR, Kraemer WJ, Labotz M, Phillips SM, Ratamess NA. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use in sports, health, and society. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2021 Aug 1;53(8):1778-94.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Gómez-Guerrero NA, González-López NM, Zapata-Velásquez JD, Martínez-Ramírez JA, Rivera-Monroy ZJ, García-Castañeda JE. Synthetic Peptides in Doping Control: A Powerful Tool for an Analytical Challenge. ACS omega. 2022 Oct 21;7(43):38193-206.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 García-Arnés JA, García-Casares N. Doping and sports endocrinology: Growth hormone, IGF-1, insulin, and erythropoietin. Revista Clínica Española (English Edition). 2023 Feb 1.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Matava MJ. Ethical considerations for analgesic use in sports medicine. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2016 Apr 1;35(2):227-43.
  7. ↑ Vernec A, Pipe A, Slack A. A painful dilemma? Analgesic use in sport and the role of anti-doping. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017 Sep 1;51(17):1243-4.
  8. ↑ Hainline B, Derman W, Vernec A, Budgett R, Deie M, Dvořák J, Harle C, Herring SA, McNamee M, Meeuwisse W, Moseley GL. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on pain management in elite athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017 Sep 1;51(17):1245-58.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Docherty JR, Alsufyani HA. Pharmacology of drugs used as stimulants. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2021 Aug;61:S53-69.
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 McDuff D, Stull T, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Hitchcock ME, Hainline B, Reardon CL. Recreational and ergogenic substance use and substance use disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review. British journal of sports medicine. 2019 Jun 1;53(12):754-60.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cadwallader AB, De La Torre X, Tieri A, Botrè F. The abuse of diuretics as performance‐enhancing drugs and masking agents in sport doping: pharmacology, toxicology and analysis. British journal of pharmacology. 2010 Sep;161(1):1-6.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Arumugham VB, Shahin MH. Therapeutic Uses Of Diuretic Agents. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Dec 12. StatPearls Publishing.
  13. ↑ Sarvestani MR, Madrakian T, Afkhami A. Developed electrochemical sensors for the determination of beta-blockers: A comprehensive review. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2021 Oct 15;899:115666.
  14. ↑ Farzam K, Jan A. Beta blockers. InStatPearls [Internet] 2022 Jul 21. StatPearls Publishing.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Rani D. Drugs, Doping and Their Effects on Sports Performance. International journal of economic perspectives. 2022 Jun 10;16(6):21-31.
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