Drugs and Anti-Doping in Sport: Difference between revisions
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!Diuretics | !Diuretics | ||
|Drugs which increase the rate of water loss from the body | |Drugs which increase the rate of water loss from the body<ref name=":6">Cadwallader AB, De La Torre X, Tieri A, Botrè F. The abuse of diuretics as performance‐enhancing drugs and masking agents in sport doping: pharmacology, toxicology and analysis. British journal of pharmacology. 2010 Sep;161(1):1-6.</ref> | ||
|Speeds up kidney function by producing more urine, reducing fluid retention and causing rapid weight loss | |Speeds up kidney function by producing more urine, reducing fluid retention and causing rapid weight loss | ||
Often used in sports with weight categories (athletes may use it to "make the required weight" for competition) | Often used in sports with weight categories (athletes may use it to "make the required weight" for competition)<ref name=":6" /> | ||
Often used as masking agents to hide the effect of other performance-enhancing drugs | Often used as masking agents to hide the effect of other performance-enhancing drugs<ref name=":6" /> | ||
|Dehydration | |Dehydration<ref name=":7">Arumugham VB, Shahin MH. T[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557838/ herapeutic Uses Of Diuretic Agents.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Dec 12. StatPearls Publishing.</ref> | ||
Possible dizziness | Possible dizziness<ref name=":7" /> | ||
Muscle cramps | Muscle cramps<ref name=":7" /> | ||
Headaches | Headaches<ref name=":7" /> | ||
Nausea | Nausea<ref name=":7" /> | ||
Fatigue | Fatigue<ref name=":7" /> | ||
Development of kidney illness | Development of kidney illness<ref name=":7" /> | ||
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* Acetazolamide | |||
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!Beta Blockers | !Beta Blockers |
Revision as of 12:15, 8 May 2023
Original Editor - User Name
Top Contributors - Wanda van Niekerk and Jess Bell
Introduction[edit | edit source]
What is Doping in Sport
Definitions of Doping[edit | edit source]
Doping is defined as the presence of prohibited substances or methods to unfairly improve sporting performance and to gain an advantage over competitors.[1]
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) defines that doping is the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violation set forth in Article 2.1 through 2.11 of the World Anti-Doping Code.[2]
Categories of Drugs[edit | edit source]
Drugs | Definition | Function/ Effects | Side Effects | Examples |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anabolic Steroids[3] | Synthetic hormones that help build muscle faster and to recover faster from training (promotes muscle growth)[3] |
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Read more: | ||||
Peptides | Peptide hormones and analogues ar synthetic substances that copy natural hormones in the body[4] |
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Analgesics | Painkillers
Addictive drugs Can be oral or injectable medications |
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Loss of concentration[6]
Loss of balance[6] Dizziness[6] Sedation[6] Nausea[6] Vomiting[6] Constipation[6] Addiction[6] |
Heroin[6]
Methadone[6] Pethidine Morphine Codeine[6] |
Read more: | ||||
Stimulants | "Stimulants act on the central and peripheral nervous system to produce a number of possible psychostimulant actions such as increased alertness, hyperactivity, and altered mood."[9] |
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Irritability[10]
Insomnia[10] Anxiety[10] Tremors[10] Increased blood pressure[9] Tachycardia[10] Gastric irritation[10] |
Amphetamines
Ephedrine Cocaine Caffeine |
Read more: | ||||
Diuretics | Drugs which increase the rate of water loss from the body[11] | Speeds up kidney function by producing more urine, reducing fluid retention and causing rapid weight loss
Often used in sports with weight categories (athletes may use it to "make the required weight" for competition)[11] Often used as masking agents to hide the effect of other performance-enhancing drugs[11] |
Dehydration[12]
Possible dizziness[12] Muscle cramps[12] Headaches[12] Nausea[12] Fatigue[12] Development of kidney illness[12] |
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Beta Blockers | Used as a relaxant | Athletes maintain a slow heart rate and low blood pressure - which is useful in tense situations such as competition
Calming effect also helps in high-risk sports where speed is involved |
Why do Athletes Take Performance Enhancing Drugs?[edit | edit source]
- To recover from injury more quickly
- To mask pain
- Influenced by others
- The will to win overrides the moral conscience
- A desire to be the best at all costs, especially when winning brings financial rewards
- Better results lead to better sponsors and endorsement contracts
- Desire to meet expectations of others
- Making the most of a short sporting life
- Willingness to cheat for public acclaim
- Feeling that their natural ability is not good enough
Why are Drugs Banned in Sports?[edit | edit source]
Summary of two articles covered in podcasts
Add podcasts to the page
WADA
Purpose
Rule Violations
Athlete Responsibilities
Links to WADA code
Methods of Doping
Categories of WADA Prohibitive Listings
Link to Prohibited List
Testing
Blood Testing
Urine Testing
Add video on how testing works
Athletes rights
Athletes Responsibilities
Stages of Doping Control
Sub Heading 2[edit | edit source]
Sub Heading 3[edit | edit source]
Resources[edit | edit source]
- bulleted list
- x
or
- numbered list
- x
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Vlad RA, Hancu G, Popescu GC, Lungu IA. Doping in sports, a never-ending story?. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin. 2018 Nov;8(4):529.
- ↑ WADA. World Anti-Doping Code. Published 01 Jan 2021. Available from https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/world-anti-doping-program/world-anti-doping-code
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Bhasin S, Hatfield DL, Hoffman JR, Kraemer WJ, Labotz M, Phillips SM, Ratamess NA. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use in sports, health, and society. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2021 Aug 1;53(8):1778-94.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Gómez-Guerrero NA, González-López NM, Zapata-Velásquez JD, Martínez-Ramírez JA, Rivera-Monroy ZJ, García-Castañeda JE. Synthetic Peptides in Doping Control: A Powerful Tool for an Analytical Challenge. ACS omega. 2022 Oct 21;7(43):38193-206.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 García-Arnés JA, García-Casares N. Doping and sports endocrinology: Growth hormone, IGF-1, insulin, and erythropoietin. Revista Clínica Española (English Edition). 2023 Feb 1.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Matava MJ. Ethical considerations for analgesic use in sports medicine. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2016 Apr 1;35(2):227-43.
- ↑ Vernec A, Pipe A, Slack A. A painful dilemma? Analgesic use in sport and the role of anti-doping. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017 Sep 1;51(17):1243-4.
- ↑ Hainline B, Derman W, Vernec A, Budgett R, Deie M, Dvořák J, Harle C, Herring SA, McNamee M, Meeuwisse W, Moseley GL. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on pain management in elite athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017 Sep 1;51(17):1245-58.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Docherty JR, Alsufyani HA. Pharmacology of drugs used as stimulants. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2021 Aug;61:S53-69.
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 McDuff D, Stull T, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Hitchcock ME, Hainline B, Reardon CL. Recreational and ergogenic substance use and substance use disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review. British journal of sports medicine. 2019 Jun 1;53(12):754-60.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cadwallader AB, De La Torre X, Tieri A, Botrè F. The abuse of diuretics as performance‐enhancing drugs and masking agents in sport doping: pharmacology, toxicology and analysis. British journal of pharmacology. 2010 Sep;161(1):1-6.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Arumugham VB, Shahin MH. Therapeutic Uses Of Diuretic Agents. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Dec 12. StatPearls Publishing.