Stages of HIV Infection: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the human immune system (especially the CD4 | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the human immune system (especially the CD4 and T cells) and when left untreated, leads to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Immunosuppression (the reduced ability to fight infections and other diseases) is determined by laboratory measurements of CD4+ T cells and plasma HIV viral load<ref>Simon V, Ho DD, Karim QA. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69157-5 HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment.] The Lancet. 2006 Aug 5;368(9534):489-504.</ref>. | ||
== Modes of Infection/ How does Infection Occur in the Body? == | == Modes of Infection/ How does Infection Occur in the Body? == | ||
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The World Health Organisation (WHO) categorises patients with HIV into four clinical stages and this categorisation results from the patient displaying at least one clinical condition in the stage's criteria<ref name=":0" />. The clinical phases seen in the course of the HIV infection is directly linked to the progression of the infection<ref name=":0">Weiner JL, Kovarik CL. [https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/who-clinical-staging-system-hivaids/2010 The WHO Clinical Staging System for HIV/AIDS.] Virtual Mentor 2010; 12 (3): 202-206</ref>. The four stages include: | The World Health Organisation (WHO) categorises patients with HIV into four clinical stages and this categorisation results from the patient displaying at least one clinical condition in the stage's criteria<ref name=":0" />. The clinical phases seen in the course of the HIV infection is directly linked to the progression of the infection<ref name=":0">Weiner JL, Kovarik CL. [https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/who-clinical-staging-system-hivaids/2010 The WHO Clinical Staging System for HIV/AIDS.] Virtual Mentor 2010; 12 (3): 202-206</ref>. The four stages include: | ||
'''Stage One:''' Patients in this category are usually asymptomatic. | '''Stage One:''' Patients in this category are usually asymptomatic. Only characterised by flu-like symptoms and CD4 counts stay above 500 cells per microliter. | ||
'''Stage Two:''' Also known as a mildly symptomatic stage. It is characterised by an unexplained weight loss of less than 10% of total body weight; recurrent respiratory infections such as: sinusitis, bronchitis, otitis media, and pharyngitis; an array of dermatological conditions including: recurrent oral ulceration, papular pruritus eruptions and fungal nail infections <ref name=":0" />. | '''Stage Two:''' Also known as a mildly symptomatic stage. It is characterised by an unexplained weight loss of less than 10% of total body weight; recurrent respiratory infections such as: sinusitis, bronchitis, otitis media, and pharyngitis; an array of dermatological conditions including: recurrent oral ulceration, papular pruritus eruptions and fungal nail infections <ref name=":0" />. | ||
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'''Stage Three:''' Also known as the moderately symptomatic stage of the infection. The following characterises this stage: weight loss of greater than 10% of the total body weight, unexplained diarrhoea occurring for more than one month, pulmonary tuberculosis; bacterial infections like: pneumonia, pyelonephritis, empyema, pyomyositis, meningitis and bacteremia; mucocutaneous conditions such as:recurrent oral candida sis, gingivitis or periodontics<ref name=":0" />. | '''Stage Three:''' Also known as the moderately symptomatic stage of the infection. The following characterises this stage: weight loss of greater than 10% of the total body weight, unexplained diarrhoea occurring for more than one month, pulmonary tuberculosis; bacterial infections like: pneumonia, pyelonephritis, empyema, pyomyositis, meningitis and bacteremia; mucocutaneous conditions such as:recurrent oral candida sis, gingivitis or periodontics<ref name=":0" />. | ||
'''Stage Four:''' At this stage, a clinical diagnosis of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is made when the following clinical findings are made: HIV wasting syndrome, pneumocystis pneumonia, recurrent severe or radiological bacterial pneumonia, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, HIV encephalopathy, CNS toxoplasmosis, oesophageal candidiasis and Kaposi's sarcoma<ref name=":0" />. CD4 count here drops below 200 | '''Stage Four:''' At this stage, a clinical diagnosis of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is made when the following clinical findings are made: HIV wasting syndrome, pneumocystis pneumonia, recurrent severe or radiological bacterial pneumonia, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, HIV encephalopathy, CNS toxoplasmosis, oesophageal candidiasis and Kaposi's sarcoma<ref name=":0" />. CD4 count here drops below 200 cells per microliter. | ||
== Resources == | == Resources == | ||
Revision as of 17:05, 10 December 2021
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Introduction[edit | edit source]
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the human immune system (especially the CD4 and T cells) and when left untreated, leads to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Immunosuppression (the reduced ability to fight infections and other diseases) is determined by laboratory measurements of CD4+ T cells and plasma HIV viral load[1].
Modes of Infection/ How does Infection Occur in the Body?[edit | edit source]
Infection occurs when a one comes in contact with body fluids of infected persons.
Stages of HIV Infection[edit | edit source]
The World Health Organisation (WHO) categorises patients with HIV into four clinical stages and this categorisation results from the patient displaying at least one clinical condition in the stage's criteria[2]. The clinical phases seen in the course of the HIV infection is directly linked to the progression of the infection[2]. The four stages include:
Stage One: Patients in this category are usually asymptomatic. Only characterised by flu-like symptoms and CD4 counts stay above 500 cells per microliter.
Stage Two: Also known as a mildly symptomatic stage. It is characterised by an unexplained weight loss of less than 10% of total body weight; recurrent respiratory infections such as: sinusitis, bronchitis, otitis media, and pharyngitis; an array of dermatological conditions including: recurrent oral ulceration, papular pruritus eruptions and fungal nail infections [2].
Stage Three: Also known as the moderately symptomatic stage of the infection. The following characterises this stage: weight loss of greater than 10% of the total body weight, unexplained diarrhoea occurring for more than one month, pulmonary tuberculosis; bacterial infections like: pneumonia, pyelonephritis, empyema, pyomyositis, meningitis and bacteremia; mucocutaneous conditions such as:recurrent oral candida sis, gingivitis or periodontics[2].
Stage Four: At this stage, a clinical diagnosis of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is made when the following clinical findings are made: HIV wasting syndrome, pneumocystis pneumonia, recurrent severe or radiological bacterial pneumonia, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, HIV encephalopathy, CNS toxoplasmosis, oesophageal candidiasis and Kaposi's sarcoma[2]. CD4 count here drops below 200 cells per microliter.
Resources[edit | edit source]
- bulleted list
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- numbered list
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References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Simon V, Ho DD, Karim QA. HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. The Lancet. 2006 Aug 5;368(9534):489-504.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Weiner JL, Kovarik CL. The WHO Clinical Staging System for HIV/AIDS. Virtual Mentor 2010; 12 (3): 202-206
