Overview of Prostate Cancer: Difference between revisions

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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Prostate cancer affects the prostate gland, which is part of the male reproductive system and functions to create seminal fluid.   
[[Prostate Cancer|Prostate cancer]] affects the prostate gland, which is part of the male reproductive system and functions to create seminal fluid.   


* In 2020, there were an estimated  1.4 million new cases of prostate cancer and 375,000 prostate cancer related deaths worldwide<ref name=":0">Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. [https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3322/caac.21660 Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.] CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2021 May;71(3):209-49.</ref>   
* In 2020, there were an estimated  1.4 million new cases of prostate cancer and 375,000 prostate cancer related deaths worldwide<ref name=":0">Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. [https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3322/caac.21660 Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.] CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2021 May;71(3):209-49.</ref>   
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* For those men diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer, only 28% will survive beyond five years of diagnosis<ref name=":1" />
* For those men diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer, only 28% will survive beyond five years of diagnosis<ref name=":1" />
* The prognosis worsens if the cancer has a chance to spread, metastasis rapidly involves the lymphatic system, lungs, bone marrow, liver or adrenal glands<ref name=":1" />
* The prognosis worsens if the cancer has a chance to spread, metastasis rapidly involves the lymphatic system, lungs, bone marrow, liver or adrenal glands<ref name=":1" />
The treatment of prostate cancer is a common entryway into the speciality area of men's health physiotherapy because these patients can be effectively treated without competency in the full scope of men's health skills such as the internal examination and use of real-time ultrasound.<ref name=":2">Roscher, P. Men's Health. Overview of Prostate Cancer. Physioplus. 2022</ref> Please follow these links to learn more about physiotherapy [[Men's Health Physiotherapy Pelvic Assessment|assessment]] and [[Men's Health Physiotherapy Pelvic Treatment|treatment]] of men's health conditions.


== Anatomy Review ==
== Anatomy Review ==


* The prostate is a gland located immediately below the internal urethral sphincter and surrounds the commencement of the urethra. It is situated in the pelvic cavity: below the lower part of the symphysis pubis, above the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, and in front of the rectum.  It can be palpated, especially when enlarged. It is about the size of a walnut.
* The prostate is a gland located immediately below the internal urethral sphincter and surrounds the commencement of the urethra. The external urethral sphincter is immediately below the prostate.  It is situated in the pelvic cavity: below the lower part of the symphysis pubis, above the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, and in front of the rectum.  It can be palpated, especially when enlarged.<ref name=":3">Gray H. Anatomy of the human body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918; Bartleby. com, 2000.</ref> It is about the size of a walnut.<ref name=":2" />
* The prostate is perforated by the urethra and the ejaculatory ducts. The urethra usually lies along the junction of its anterior with its middle third. The ejaculatory ducts pass obliquely downward and forward through the posterior part of the prostate, and open into the prostatic portion of the urethra.
* The prostate is perforated by both the urethra and the ejaculatory ducts. The ejaculatory ducts open into the prostatic portion of the urethra.<ref name=":3" />
* The prostate gland is divided into three anatomical lobes: two anterior and one median
* Arterial supply: internal pudendal, inferior vesical, and middle hemorrhoidal.<ref name=":3" />
** Knowing the anatomy of the prostate is central to the understanding of both benign and malignant prostatic pathologies.  This is because the area of the prostate the  pathology originates is a defining characteristic of each of the three main prostate diseases.  The three main diseases of the prostate are:
* Innervation:
**# Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)  
* The prostate gland is divided into three anatomical lobes: two anterior and one median<ref name=":1" />
** Knowing the anatomy of the prostate is central to the understanding of both benign and malignant prostatic pathologies.  This is because the area of the prostate the  pathology originates is a defining characteristic of each of the three main prostate diseases.  The three main diseases of the prostate are:<ref name=":1" />
**# Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
**# Prostate cancer
**# Prostate cancer
**# Chronic prostatitis
**# Chronic prostatitis


=== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation ===
=== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation ===
PCa is often a multifocal disease, meaning that numerous tumours can arise within a single patient


==== Tumor Staging ====
==== Tumor Staging ====

Revision as of 04:26, 15 April 2022

Original Editor - Stacy Schiurring based on the course by Pierre Roscher

Top Contributors - Stacy Schiurring, Kim Jackson, Lucinda hampton and Jess Bell  

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Prostate cancer affects the prostate gland, which is part of the male reproductive system and functions to create seminal fluid.

  • In 2020, there were an estimated 1.4 million new cases of prostate cancer and 375,000 prostate cancer related deaths worldwide[1]
  • Prostate cancer was the second most frequent cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death among men[1]
  • It was the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men in over one-half of the countries of the world[1]
  • Differences in prostate cancer diagnostic practices are most likely the greatest contributor to the worldwide variation in prostate cancer incidence rates[1]
  • The majority of men diagnosed with prostate cancer have a slow growing variation of the disease that is nonthreatening to their natural life expectancy and can be safely monitored without need for medical intervention[2]
  • For those men diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer, only 28% will survive beyond five years of diagnosis[2]
  • The prognosis worsens if the cancer has a chance to spread, metastasis rapidly involves the lymphatic system, lungs, bone marrow, liver or adrenal glands[2]

The treatment of prostate cancer is a common entryway into the speciality area of men's health physiotherapy because these patients can be effectively treated without competency in the full scope of men's health skills such as the internal examination and use of real-time ultrasound.[3] Please follow these links to learn more about physiotherapy assessment and treatment of men's health conditions.

Anatomy Review[edit | edit source]

  • The prostate is a gland located immediately below the internal urethral sphincter and surrounds the commencement of the urethra. The external urethral sphincter is immediately below the prostate. It is situated in the pelvic cavity: below the lower part of the symphysis pubis, above the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, and in front of the rectum. It can be palpated, especially when enlarged.[4] It is about the size of a walnut.[3]
  • The prostate is perforated by both the urethra and the ejaculatory ducts. The ejaculatory ducts open into the prostatic portion of the urethra.[4]
  • Arterial supply: internal pudendal, inferior vesical, and middle hemorrhoidal.[4]
  • Innervation:
  • The prostate gland is divided into three anatomical lobes: two anterior and one median[2]
    • Knowing the anatomy of the prostate is central to the understanding of both benign and malignant prostatic pathologies. This is because the area of the prostate the pathology originates is a defining characteristic of each of the three main prostate diseases. The three main diseases of the prostate are:[2]
      1. Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
      2. Prostate cancer
      3. Chronic prostatitis

Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]

Tumor Staging[edit | edit source]

Prostate Cancer Symptoms[edit | edit source]

Etiology/Causes[edit | edit source]

While the prevalence of prostate cancer is common, relatively little is known about its etiology.[1]

Associated Co-morbidities[edit | edit source]

Prostate Cancer Tests and Screenings[edit | edit source]

Although PSA remains the gold-standard biomarker for PCa diagnosis and is one of the most widely used blood-based biomarkers in cancer, it contributes significantly to over-treatment of men with PCa [5]. This is a significant issue, as treatment options for PCa are associated with side effects that can have a profound negative impact on quality of life.[2]

Treatment Options[edit | edit source]

Compare pro's and con's

Side effects/expected PT symptoms

Surgical Interventions[edit | edit source]

Radiation[edit | edit source]

Active Surveillance[edit | edit source]

Resources[edit | edit source]

  • bulleted list
  • x

or

  1. numbered list
  2. x

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2021 May;71(3):209-49.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Tonry C, Finn S, Armstrong J, Pennington SR. Clinical proteomics for prostate cancer: understanding prostate cancer pathology and protein biomarkers for improved disease management. Clinical Proteomics. 2020 Dec;17(1):1-31.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Roscher, P. Men's Health. Overview of Prostate Cancer. Physioplus. 2022
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Gray H. Anatomy of the human body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918; Bartleby. com, 2000.
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