Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)
Original Editor - Wendy Walker
Lead Editors
Introduction[edit | edit source]
A transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is an acute episode of temporary neurologic dysfunction that typically has the following characteristics[1]
- lasts less than an hour (often less than 30 minutes)
- results from focal cerebral, spinal cord, or retinal ischaemia
- is not associated with acute tissue infarction
Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process
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TIAs are characterized by a temporary reduction or cessation of cerebral blood flow in a specific neurovascular distribution, which occurs as a result of partial or total occlusion - typically, from an acute thromboembolic event or from stenosis of a small penetrating vessel.
Epidemiology[edit | edit source]
Incidence
Internationally, the probability of a first TIA is around 0.42 per 1000 population in developed countries[2]. TIAs occur in about 150,000 patients per year in the United Kingdom[3].
Age
The incidence of TIAs increases with age, from 1-3 cases per 100,000 in those younger than 35 years to as many as 1500 cases per 100,000 in those older than 85 years[4]. Fewer than 3% of all major cerebral infarcts occur in children. Pediatric strokes often can have quite different etiologies from those of adult strokes and tend to occur with less frequency.
Gender
The incidence of TIAs in men (101 cases per 100,000 population) is significantly higher than that in women (70 per 100,000)[5].
Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]
Clinical manifestations will vary, depending on the vessel involved and the cerebral territory it supplies
Diagnostic Procedures[edit | edit source]
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Management / Interventions
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Differential Diagnosis
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Stroke
Dissection of the Carotid Artery
Meningitis
Multiple Sclerosis
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Syncope
Key Evidence[edit | edit source]
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Resources
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Case Studies[edit | edit source]
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Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
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- ↑ Albers GW, Caplan LR, Easton JD, Fayad PB, Mohr JP, Saver JL, et al. Transient ischemic attack--proposal for a new definition. N Engl J Med. Nov 21 2002;347(21):1713-6
- ↑ Truelsen T, Begg S, Mathers C. World Health Organization. The global burden of cerebrovascular disease. Global Burden of Disease 2000
- ↑ Giles MF, Rothwell PM. Risk of stroke early after transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. Dec 2007;6(12):1063-72
- ↑ Kleindorfer D, Panagos P, Pancioli A, et al. Incidence and short-term prognosis of transient ischemic attack in a population-based study. Stroke. Apr 2005;36(4):720-3
- ↑ Bots ML, van der Wilk EC, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Transient neurological attacks in the general population. Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical relevance. Stroke. Apr 1997;28(4):768-73
