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== Introduction  ==
== Introduction  ==


The '''Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT)''' is a dynamic test that requires strength, flexibility, and proprioception. It is a measure of dynamic balance that provides a significant challenge to athletes and physically active individuals. The test can be used to assess physical performance, but can also be used to screen deficits in dynamic postural control due to musculoskeletal injuries (e.g. chronic ankle instability), to identify athletes at greater risk for lower extremity injury, as well as during the rehabilitation of orthopedic injuries in healthy active adults.<ref name="V">Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. Heyward V. Human kinetics, 6th edition: 303 (5)</ref><ref name="Plisky">The Reliability of an Instrumented Device for Measuring Components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Plisky P et al. Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009 May; 4(2): 92–99. (2B)</ref><br>  
The '''Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT)''' is a dynamic test that requires strength, flexibility, and proprioception. It is a measure of dynamic balance that provides a significant challenge to athletes and physically active individuals. The test can be used to assess physical performance, but can also be used to screen deficits in dynamic [[Postural Control|postural control]] due to musculoskeletal injuries (e.g. chronic ankle instability), to identify athletes at greater risk for lower extremity injury, as well as during the rehabilitation of orthopeadic injuries in healthy active adults.<ref name="V" /><ref name="Plisky" /><ref>Pollock, Kristen M. ''[https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:toledo1271092120 The star excursion balance test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school football players]''. Diss. University of Toledo, 2010.</ref>  


The SEBT can also be used to compare balance ability among different sports and to assess physical performance. Research has suggested to use this test as a screening tool for sport participation as well as a post-rehabilitation test to ensure dynamic functional symmetry. It has also been shown that the performance of SEBT improves after training.<ref name="Plisky">The Reliability of an Instrumented Device for Measuring Components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Plisky P et al. Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009 May; 4(2): 92–99. (2B)</ref><br> It is important that the test captures the greatest amount of information with regards to instability in the shortest amount of time.<ref name="Plisky">The Reliability of an Instrumented Device for Measuring Components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Plisky P et al. Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009 May; 4(2): 92–99. (2B)</ref><br>  
The SEBT has been described in the literature and evaluated as a tool for measuring dynamic [[Postural Control|postural control]] in the lower limb, identifying functional deficits in the return to sport phase, and identifying high-risk individuals for suture injuries. <ref>Picot B, Terrier R, Forestier N, Fourchet F, McKeon PO. [https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijatt/26/6/article-p285.xml The star excursion balance test: an update review and practical guidelines]. International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training. 2021 Jul 20;26(6):285-93.
 
BibTeXEndNoteRefManRefWorks</ref>  


== Technique  ==
== Technique  ==


Before the SEBT can be performed, a small amount of setup is required. Four strips of athletic tape will need to be cut to a length of 6-8 feet each. Two pieces will be used to form a ‘+’, with the other two being placed over top to form an ‘x’ so that a star shape is formed. It is important that all lines are separated from each other by a 45° angle.<ref name="L">Efficacy of the Star Excursion Balance Tests in Detecting Reach Deficits in Subjects With Chronic Ankle Instability. Olmsted L., Caria C., Hertel J., Shultz S. Journal of Athletic Training 2002;37(4):501–506 (1B)</ref> The goal of the SEBT is to maintain single leg stance on one leg while reaching as far as possible with the contralateral leg <ref name="Plisky">The Reliability of an Instrumented Device for Measuring Components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Plisky P et al. Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009 May; 4(2): 92–99. (2B)</ref>.  
Before the SEBT can be performed, a small amount of setup is required. Four strips of athletic tape will need to be cut to a length of 6-8 feet each. Two pieces will be used to form a ‘+’, with the other two being placed over top to form an ‘x’ so that a star shape is formed. It is important that all lines are separated from each other by a 45° angle.<ref name="L">Olmsted LC, Carcia CR, Hertel J, Shultz SJ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC164384/ Efficacy of the star excursion balance tests in detecting reach deficits in subjects with chronic ankle instability.] Journal of athletic training. 2002 Oct;37(4):501.</ref> The goal of the SEBT is to maintain single leg stance on one leg while reaching as far as possible with the contralateral leg <ref name="Plisky" />.  


The person performing the test must maintain a their balance on one leg, while using the other leg to reach as far as possible in 8 different directions. The person (standing on his/her left leg for example) must reach in 8 different positions, once in each of the following directions: anterior, anteromedial, medial, posteromedial, posterior, posterolateral, lateral and anterolateral.<ref name="L">Efficacy of the Star Excursion Balance Tests in Detecting Reach Deficits in Subjects With Chronic Ankle Instability. Olmsted L., Caria C., Hertel J., Shultz S. Journal of Athletic Training 2002;37(4):501–506 (1B)</ref> The anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions appear to be important to identify individuals with chronic ankle instability and athletes at greater risk of lower extremity injury.<ref name="Plisky">The Reliability of an Instrumented Device for Measuring Components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Plisky P et al. Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009 May; 4(2): 92–99. (2B)</ref>  
The person performing the test must maintain a their balance on one leg, while using the other leg to reach as far as possible in 8 different directions. The person (standing on his/her left leg for example) must reach in 8 different positions, once in each of the following directions: anterior, anteromedial, medial, posteromedial, posterior, posterolateral, lateral and anterolateral.<ref name="L" /> The anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions appear to be important to identify individuals with chronic ankle instability and athletes at greater risk of lower extremity injury.<ref name="Plisky" />  


When the person demonstrates a significantly decreased reach while standing on the injured limb compared to standing on the healthy limb, the Star Excursion Balance Test has highlighted his/her's loss of dynamic postural control.<ref name="L">Efficacy of the Star Excursion Balance Tests in Detecting Reach Deficits in Subjects With Chronic Ankle Instability. Olmsted L., Caria C., Hertel J., Shultz S. Journal of Athletic Training 2002;37(4):501–506 (1B)</ref>  
When the person demonstrates a significantly decreased reach while standing on the injured limb compared to standing on the healthy limb, the Star Excursion Balance Test has highlighted his/her's loss of dynamic postural control.<ref name="L" />  


The test originally incorporated reaching in eight directions while standing on each foot, but factor analysis indicated that one reach direction in particular (posteromedial) was able to accurately identify individuals with [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php/Ankle_Sprain chronic ankle instability]&nbsp;as well as performing all eight directions.<ref name="Plisky">The Reliability of an Instrumented Device for Measuring Components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Plisky P et al. Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009 May; 4(2): 92–99. (2B)</ref><br>  
The test originally incorporated reaching in eight directions while standing on each foot, but factor analysis indicated that one reach direction in particular (posteromedial) was able to accurately identify individuals with [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php/Ankle_Sprain chronic ankle instability]&nbsp;as well as performing all eight directions.<ref name="Plisky" /><br>  


[[Image:SEBT.png]]  
[[Image:SEBT.png]]  
Line 26: Line 28:
1. Anterior<br>2. Anteromedial<br>3. Medial<br>4. Posteromedial<br>5. Posterior<br>6. Posterolateral<br>7. Lateral<br>8. Anterolateral  
1. Anterior<br>2. Anteromedial<br>3. Medial<br>4. Posteromedial<br>5. Posterior<br>6. Posterolateral<br>7. Lateral<br>8. Anterolateral  


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;{{#ev:youtube|L8ZSSeDgzJo}} <br><br>  
{{#ev:youtube|UxDbm7_CWec|300}}<ref>TheProactiveAthlete. Star Excursion Balance Test. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxDbm7_CWec [last accessed 25/10/2012]</ref>


There is a similar test to the SEBT, but only utilizes three directions, and is known as the 'Y-test'.  
There is a similar test to the SEBT, but only utilizes three directions, and is known as the '[[Y Balance Test|Y-test]]'.  


== Evidence  ==
== Evidence  ==


There have been different studies that have investigated the evidence of the Star Excursion Balance Test. First, an overview of the reliability.
There have been different studies that have investigated the evidence of the Star Excursion Balance Test. First, an overview of the reliability.  


#According to Hertel, Miller, and Deneger (2000), the reliability of the SEBT ranges between r = 0.85-0.96<ref name="V">Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. Heyward V. Human kinetics, 6th edition: 303 (5)</ref><br>  
#According to Hertel, Miller, and Deneger (2000), the reliability of the SEBT ranges between r = 0.85-0.96<ref name="V">Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. Heyward V. Human kinetics, 6th edition: 303 (5)</ref><br>  
#According to Plisky et al (2006), the reliability of this test ranges between 0.82-0.87 and scores 0.99 for the measurement of limb length<ref name="Star">Star Excursion Balance Test as a Predictor of Lower Extremity Injury in High School Basketball Players. Plisky P., Rauh M., Kaminski T., Underwood F. Journal of Orthopaedic &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Sports Physical Therapy 2006; 36 (12) (1B)</ref><br>  
#According to Plisky et al (2006), the reliability of this test ranges between 0.82-0.87 and scores 0.99 for the measurement of limb length<ref name="Star">Plisky PJ, Rauh MJ, Kaminski TW, Underwood FB. [https://www.jospt.org/doi/abs/10.2519/jospt.2006.2244 Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2006 Dec;36(12):911-9.</ref><br>  
#In two other studies, Kinezey et al (1998) and Hardy et al (2008), the reliability of the SEBT was determined as having intra-class correlation coefficients ranging from 0.67-0.87<ref name="SJ">The reliability of the star-excursion test in assessing dynamic balance. Kinzey SJ., Armstrong CW., et al.  J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27(5): 365-360 (1B)</ref><ref name="Hardy">Prophylactic Ankle Braces and SEBT Measures in Healthy Volunteers. Hardy L., Huxel K., Brucker J., Nesser T. Journal of Athletic Training 2008;43(4):347–351 (2C)</ref>  
#In another study: Hardy et al (2008), the reliability of the SEBT was determined as having intra-class correlation coefficients ranging from 0.67-0.87<ref name="SJ">Gribble PA, Hertel J, Plisky P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3392165/ Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: a literature and systematic review.] Journal of athletic training. 2012 May;47(3):339-57.</ref><ref name="Hardy">Hardy L, Huxel K, Brucker J, Nesser T. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2474828/ Prophylactic ankle braces and star excursion balance measures in healthy volunteers]. Journal of athletic training. 2008 Jul;43(4):347-51.</ref>  
#Chaiwanichsiri et al (2005) concluded that the Star Excursion Balance training was more effective than a conventional therapy program in improving functional stability of a sprained ankle<ref name="D">Star Excursion Balance Training : Effects on Ankle Functional Stability after Ankle Sprain. Chaiwanichsiri D., Lorprayoon E., Noomanoch L. J Med Assoc Thai 2005; 88(4): 90-94 (1B)</ref><br>  
#Chaiwanichsiri et al (2005) concluded that the Star Excursion Balance training was more effective than a conventional therapy program in improving functional stability of a sprained ankle<ref name="D">Chaiwanichsiri D, Lorprayoon E, Noomanoch L. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16623010 Star excursion balance training: effects on ankle functional stability after ankle sprain]. JOURNAL-MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THAILAND. 2005 Sep;88:S90.</ref><br>  
#Plisky et al (2009) concluded that the intra-rater reliability of the SEBT as being moderate to good (ICC 0.67- 0.97) and inter-rater reliability as being poor to good (0.35-0.93)<ref name="Plisky">The Reliability of an Instrumented Device for Measuring Components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Plisky P et al. Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009 May; 4(2): 92–99. (2B)</ref>
#Plisky et al (2009) concluded that the intra-rater reliability of the SEBT as being moderate to good (ICC 0.67- 0.97) and inter-rater reliability as being poor to good (0.35-0.93)<ref name="Plisky" />


The SEBT appears to be an effective means for determining reach deficits both between and within subjects with unilateral chronic ankle instability.<ref name="L">Efficacy of the Star Excursion Balance Tests in Detecting Reach Deficits in Subjects With Chronic Ankle Instability. Olmsted L., Caria C., Hertel J., Shultz S. Journal of Athletic Training 2002;37(4):501–506 (1B)</ref>&nbsp;It can also be used to determine deficits and asymmetries in individuals, as well to assist in the return to play decision-making process.<ref name="Plisky">The Reliability of an Instrumented Device for Measuring Components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Plisky P et al. Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009 May; 4(2): 92–99. (2B)</ref>  
The SEBT appears to be an effective means for determining reach deficits both between and within subjects with unilateral chronic ankle instability.<ref name="L" />&nbsp;It can also be used to determine deficits and asymmetries in individuals, as well to assist in the return to play decision-making process.<ref name="Plisky">Plisky PJ, Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Kiesel KB, Underwood FB, Elkins B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953327/ The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test.] North American journal of sports physical therapy: NAJSPT. 2009 May;4(2):92.</ref>  


To discuss the validity of this test in certain injured populations, such as [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php/Patellofemoral_Pain_Syndrome patellofemoral pain syndrome], further research is still recommended.<ref name="L">Efficacy of the Star Excursion Balance Tests in Detecting Reach Deficits in Subjects With Chronic Ankle Instability. Olmsted L., Caria C., Hertel J., Shultz S. Journal of Athletic Training 2002;37(4):501–506 (1B)</ref><br>
To discuss the validity of this test in certain injured populations, such as [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php/Patellofemoral_Pain_Syndrome patellofemoral pain syndrome], further research is still recommended.<ref name="L" /><br>  


== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==
<div class="researchbox">
<rss>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=1nWYA0Nnwr_wLFRLylDPsGnR5goOAWKrSs1eNlFCj3UqBDoQi5|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</rss>
</div>
== References  ==
== References  ==


<references /><br>  
<references />


[[Category:Special_Tests]] [[Category:Balance]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics]]
[[Category:Special_Tests]]  
[[Category:Balance]]  
[[Category:Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics]]
[[Category:Neurological - Outcome Measures]]
[[Category:Sports Medicine]]
[[Category:Athlete Assessment]]
[[Category:Ankle]]
[[Category:Ankle - Special Tests]]
[[Category:Balance - Special Tests]]

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Introduction[edit | edit source]

The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is a dynamic test that requires strength, flexibility, and proprioception. It is a measure of dynamic balance that provides a significant challenge to athletes and physically active individuals. The test can be used to assess physical performance, but can also be used to screen deficits in dynamic postural control due to musculoskeletal injuries (e.g. chronic ankle instability), to identify athletes at greater risk for lower extremity injury, as well as during the rehabilitation of orthopeadic injuries in healthy active adults.[1][2][3]

The SEBT has been described in the literature and evaluated as a tool for measuring dynamic postural control in the lower limb, identifying functional deficits in the return to sport phase, and identifying high-risk individuals for suture injuries. [4]

Technique[edit | edit source]

Before the SEBT can be performed, a small amount of setup is required. Four strips of athletic tape will need to be cut to a length of 6-8 feet each. Two pieces will be used to form a ‘+’, with the other two being placed over top to form an ‘x’ so that a star shape is formed. It is important that all lines are separated from each other by a 45° angle.[5] The goal of the SEBT is to maintain single leg stance on one leg while reaching as far as possible with the contralateral leg [2].

The person performing the test must maintain a their balance on one leg, while using the other leg to reach as far as possible in 8 different directions. The person (standing on his/her left leg for example) must reach in 8 different positions, once in each of the following directions: anterior, anteromedial, medial, posteromedial, posterior, posterolateral, lateral and anterolateral.[5] The anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions appear to be important to identify individuals with chronic ankle instability and athletes at greater risk of lower extremity injury.[2]

When the person demonstrates a significantly decreased reach while standing on the injured limb compared to standing on the healthy limb, the Star Excursion Balance Test has highlighted his/her's loss of dynamic postural control.[5]

The test originally incorporated reaching in eight directions while standing on each foot, but factor analysis indicated that one reach direction in particular (posteromedial) was able to accurately identify individuals with chronic ankle instability as well as performing all eight directions.[2]

SEBT.png


1. Anterior
2. Anteromedial
3. Medial
4. Posteromedial
5. Posterior
6. Posterolateral
7. Lateral
8. Anterolateral

[6]

There is a similar test to the SEBT, but only utilizes three directions, and is known as the 'Y-test'.

Evidence[edit | edit source]

There have been different studies that have investigated the evidence of the Star Excursion Balance Test. First, an overview of the reliability.

  1. According to Hertel, Miller, and Deneger (2000), the reliability of the SEBT ranges between r = 0.85-0.96[1]
  2. According to Plisky et al (2006), the reliability of this test ranges between 0.82-0.87 and scores 0.99 for the measurement of limb length[7]
  3. In another study: Hardy et al (2008), the reliability of the SEBT was determined as having intra-class correlation coefficients ranging from 0.67-0.87[8][9]
  4. Chaiwanichsiri et al (2005) concluded that the Star Excursion Balance training was more effective than a conventional therapy program in improving functional stability of a sprained ankle[10]
  5. Plisky et al (2009) concluded that the intra-rater reliability of the SEBT as being moderate to good (ICC 0.67- 0.97) and inter-rater reliability as being poor to good (0.35-0.93)[2]

The SEBT appears to be an effective means for determining reach deficits both between and within subjects with unilateral chronic ankle instability.[5] It can also be used to determine deficits and asymmetries in individuals, as well to assist in the return to play decision-making process.[2]

To discuss the validity of this test in certain injured populations, such as patellofemoral pain syndrome, further research is still recommended.[5]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. Heyward V. Human kinetics, 6th edition: 303 (5)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Plisky PJ, Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Kiesel KB, Underwood FB, Elkins B. The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. North American journal of sports physical therapy: NAJSPT. 2009 May;4(2):92.
  3. ↑ Pollock, Kristen M. The star excursion balance test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school football players. Diss. University of Toledo, 2010.
  4. ↑ Picot B, Terrier R, Forestier N, Fourchet F, McKeon PO. The star excursion balance test: an update review and practical guidelines. International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training. 2021 Jul 20;26(6):285-93. BibTeXEndNoteRefManRefWorks
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Olmsted LC, Carcia CR, Hertel J, Shultz SJ. Efficacy of the star excursion balance tests in detecting reach deficits in subjects with chronic ankle instability. Journal of athletic training. 2002 Oct;37(4):501.
  6. ↑ TheProactiveAthlete. Star Excursion Balance Test. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxDbm7_CWec [last accessed 25/10/2012]
  7. ↑ Plisky PJ, Rauh MJ, Kaminski TW, Underwood FB. Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2006 Dec;36(12):911-9.
  8. ↑ Gribble PA, Hertel J, Plisky P. Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: a literature and systematic review. Journal of athletic training. 2012 May;47(3):339-57.
  9. ↑ Hardy L, Huxel K, Brucker J, Nesser T. Prophylactic ankle braces and star excursion balance measures in healthy volunteers. Journal of athletic training. 2008 Jul;43(4):347-51.
  10. ↑ Chaiwanichsiri D, Lorprayoon E, Noomanoch L. Star excursion balance training: effects on ankle functional stability after ankle sprain. JOURNAL-MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THAILAND. 2005 Sep;88:S90.
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