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...n and Scientific Validity of Common Tests for Ankle Examination]. Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation. 2020 Jul 8:100072.</ref>. ...atient position:''' in a seated position, with knee hanging in 90 degrees, ankle relaxed.

...rt L, van Dijk CN. Clinical evaluation of a dynamic test for lateral ankle ligament laxity. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 May;18(5):628-33. </re ...pedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_ligament#/media/File:Gray354.png|thumb|Medial Ankle Ligament]]

...le for injury of the Anterior Talofibular ligament and the Calcaneofibular ligament. ...ew Jersey. 2007.</ref>&nbsp; <ref name="Wheeless">Wheeless Online Textbook of Orthopaedics. Talar Tilt: Physical Exam. http://www.wheelessonline.com/orth

...al tests can be used to assess FAI and the respective ligament involved in the acute [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Ankle_Sprain sprain] or [https://www.ph '''Ligaments of the ankle'''

...the [[talus]] of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]]. See the page for [[Ankle Joint|ankle joint]] for more information. ...of the strongest load-bearing structures known to mankind.<ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Foot. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/

...y or hypermobility in the sagittal plane of the talocrural joint (or upper ankle joint) is present. ...partial rupture or complete rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament. The test is graded on a 4-point scale. 0 represents no laxity and 3 represents

...lateral ligament and the posterolateral corner.] Insall & Scott Surgery of the Knee. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, 2012; 45: 5 </ref> It is one of 4 critical ligaments involved in stabilizing the [[Knee|knee joint.]]

[[File:Lateral-ankle-ligaments.jpg|thumb|458x458px]] ...0794?via%3Dihub Chronic ankle instability: biomechanics and pathomechanics of ligaments injury and associated lesions]. Orthopaedics & traumatology: Surg

[[File:Talocrural joint ankle.jpg|thumb]] ...om compression of structures during dorsiflexion at the anterior margin of the tibiotalar joint<ref name=":1" />.

...ww.physio-pedia.com/User:Michael_Kecman Mike Kecman&nbsp;]as part of the [[The Jackson Clinics Residency Project]] ...be beneficial to rule in or rule out pathology after trauma to the foot or ankle, or when an injury is not responding to conservative management.

...nctional and quantitative, allowing a measurement of power and strength of the affected to unaffected leg. ...eg. The goal is to have a less than 10% difference in hop distance between the injured limb and uninjured limb.

...iginal Editors ''' - [[User:Gaëlle Vertriest|Gaëlle Vertriest]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...ive Physical Examination for Instability of the Knee. The American journal of sports medicine. 2008 Mar 1;36(3):577-94.</ref>.

[[File: Anatomy ankle and foot 2.jpg|right|frameless]] ...]] [[bone]]<nowiki/>s. Together, the three borders (listed below) form the ankle mortise.

== Basic Structure of the Foot and Ankle == ...the lower leg and foot. The osseous components of the ankle joint include the distal [[tibia]], distal [[fibula]], and [[talus]].

Left Grade 1 Ankle Sprain Right Grade 2 Medial Collateral Ligament Tear

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Hele ...f the structures, functional anatomy, and etiologic factors in syndesmosis ankle injuries is needed to treat this injury effectively.

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project ...o one sprain per 10 000 people daily<ref>The gender issue: epidemiology of ankle injuries in athletes who participate in basketball.

...sed by Baxter's nerve entrapment. However, it's an often-overlooked source of heel pain.<ref name=":0">Stephen Offutt DP, Patrick DeHeer DP. How to addre ...tus and the underlying flexor brevis until it reaches its distal target of the abductor digiti minimi.<ref name=":0" />

...s/squat-single-leg.htm SLS] Available:https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/squat-single-leg.htm (accessed 4.1.2022)</ref>. ...al examinations]] to assess for dynamic knee valgus and the potential risk of lower extremity injury<ref>Ugalde V, Brockman C, Bailowitz Z, Pollard CD. [

...01568 Current concepts in the surgical management of chronic ankle lateral ligament instability]. J Orthop. 2022 Jul 19;33:87-94. </ref> ...ce of the star excursion balance test in subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0201479.</ref>

...ible flatfoot; clinical aspects and algorithmic approach]. Iranian journal of pediatrics. 2013 Jun;23(3):247.</ref>. Jack's test is often done in conjunction with the [[Tip Toe Standing Test|Tip Toe Standing test]].<br>

...ent condition (HPC) (Was there trauma or was it insidious onset? Mechanism of Injury?)<br> ...n? (Is pain in a dermatomal region - pain in the knee can be referred from the back)

...n x-rays or just on MRI findings. These things have to come together (with the objective assessment)". ''Helene Simpson'' </blockquote> [[File:Sesamoid Bone.png|thumb|Sesamoid Bone in the distal end of the first metatarsal ]]

...mination and Intervention for Sinus Tarsi Syndrome. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2009 February; 4(1):29-37 (level: A1)</ref> ...uries that results in a synovitis and infiltration of fibrotic tissue into the sinus tarsi space.<ref name="Helgeson et al" />

...ary|Hilary Zachary]] and [[User:James Passmore|James Passmore]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...as a Maissonneuve fracture. <ref name="Clanton">5. Clanton T. Syndesmotic ankle sprains in athletes. International SportMed Journal. 2003;4 (4):1-10.
6</

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on the course presented by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/helene-s [[File:Ankle image.jpeg|right|frameless|250x250px|Ankle]]

...tibialis posterior tendon may occur. This can range from minor tearing of the tendon with subsequent inflammation to a complete tibialis posterior tendon ...ssed because the symptoms of this injury resemble the symptoms of a normal ankle sprain. Some physicians may feel that posterior tibial tendon rupture is a

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Lore Aerts|Lore Aerts]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...fness, catching, locking and swelling may be present. These symptoms place the ability to walk, work and perform sports at risk.<br>

...igaments can be ruptured. Ankle instability or arthritis can be the result of diastasis [8]&nbsp;[9]. ...rpose of these ligaments is to hold the tibia and the fibula together when the joint is loaded [3].&nbsp;<br>

...of the Calcaneus. In: Saxena, A. (eds) International Advances in Foot and Ankle Surgery, London:Springer. 2012. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8572 ...ve Physiol Ther. 2009;32(1):41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.09.014. (level of evidence 1A)</ref>

...me="yeung">Yeung MS, Chan KM, So CH, Yuan WY. An epidemiological survey on ankle sprain. Br J Sports Med 1994 Jun;28(2):112-116.</ref> ...Holmes A, Delahunt E. Treatment of common deficits associated with chronic ankle instability. Sports Med 2009;39(3):207-224.</ref> <br>

== Overview of the Pelvic Girdle Musculoskeletal Method^sm == ...ysiotherapy assistants since 2011.<ref name=":0">Riczo, D. Introduction to the Pelvic Girdle Musculoskeletal Method Course. Plus , 2021.</ref>

...es in athletes: Evaluation and management. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic surgeons, nov.-dec. 2001, vol. 9, n°: 6, 389-400. Evidence lev ...igaments, with no or mild joint instability.<br>3. A complete rupture of a ligament with severe joint instability.

...cuboid, cuboid fault syndrome, and lateral plantar neuritis.'''Because of the nature and inconsistent terminology associated with this injury, cuboid syn ...P, Hamilton WG. Cuboid subluxation in ballet dancers. The american journal of sports medicine. 1992 Mar;20(2):169-75.</ref>

...of motion]] in assessment. There are multiple types of joint end-feels all of which are different for each individual. * The end of each motion at each joint is limited from further movement by particular an

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Hele ...reatment is essential; and re-assessment is necessary when there is a lack of progress.

...Physical Therapy From Art to Evidence, Chapter 19: The Theory and Practice of Neural Dynamics and Mobilisation. Christopher H Wise. ...It is considered as an anterior corollary of SLR and assesses the mobility of upper lumbar nerve segments.

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Hele ...journals/eor/6/8/2058-5241.6.200138.xml Current management of trimalleolar ankle fractures.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 Aug 10;6(8):692-703.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project. ...nificant, are not as severe as those in bones bearing a greater proportion of body weight..<ref>https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/orthopaedic-surgery-sports-m

...emporomandibular disorder and generalized joint hypermobility: application of diagnostic criteria]. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2011 Jul-Aug;77(4):418-425. ...nd 90° with the forearm flat on a table <ref name="Alter">Alter M. Science of Flexibility. 3rd edition. Sheridan books, 2004; p89</ref>.

...mann|Michael Kauffmann]], [[User:Pieter Jacobs|Pieter Jacobs]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...from: <nowiki>https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/sprained-ankle/</nowiki> (accessed 22/12/2022)</ref>.

...ving way), and impaired balance responses for more than 6 months following the initial injury<ref>Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, editor. Manual therapy for m .... Seven years follow‐up after ankle inversion trauma. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2002 Jun;12(3):129-35.</ref>.

...x499px|Musculi interossei dorsales pedis <ref name=":1">Gray H. Anatomy of the human body, by Henry Gray, thoroughly rev. and re-edited by Warren H. Lewis ...from the Ligament plantare longum which is situated on the bottom side of the foot.

...al interventions—a systematic review and meta-analysis.] ''British Journal of Sports Medicine'', ''56''(9), pp.521-530.</ref> ...urface of the [[Femur|femur]], which are the main articulating surfaces of the patellofemoral joint.<ref name="p1">Medscape. Drugs and Diseases. Patellofe

...n|reconstructions]] as well as [[knee]] extensor, [[Ankle and Foot|ankle]] ligament, and [[shoulder]] and [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]] reconst ...on]] as well as encourage the ingrowth of native tissue into the synthetic ligament.

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/nick-rainey// Nick R ...ocols. Following evidence-based protocols means that you reduce the chance of a poor outcome. You should make sure that these protocols are specific to y

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/lee-herrington/ Le ...sible. This can be achieved by identifying factors that can increase risk. The aim is then to try to reduce an individual's predisposition to injury.

...tors ''' - [[User:Thijs Van Liefferinge|Thijs Van Liefferinge]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...Joint|subtalar joint]]. In both joints, osteoarthritis can be diagnosed in the medial and lateral compartments.&nbsp;

...joint (anterior and posterior views)|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the knee joint (anterior and posterior views)]] ...l joint, which mainly allows for flexion and extension (and a small degree of medial and lateral rotation). <ref name=":0">Chaurasia BD. [https://www.pdf

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Daniel Alcorn|Daniel Alcorn]] as part of the [[The Jackson Clinics Residency Project]] ...siness; 2007: 130-139.</ref> Imaging typically begins with a standard set of plain radiographs, with special radiographic views and more elaborate modal