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...amination|cervical]] mobility. It is also known as '''Flesche test'''.<ref>Cervical flexion deformity in ankylosing spondylitis. Available from: https://www.up ...wall distance (OWD) cannot substitute highly accurate clinical measures of kyphosis such as [[Cobb's angle]], OWD has been extensively used in epidemiological

=== Head &amp; Cervical Spine === ...Management of Cervical Spine Stenosis|Surgical &amp; Post-op Management of Cervical Spinal Stenosis]]

...tilt of the [[pelvis]] and the trunk and [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|thoracic kyphosis]] in comparison to neutral posture. See image second from left as distinct ...c kyphosis extended to the upper part of the lumbar spine (longer thoracic kyphosis is observed) 3. apparently shorter lumbar lordosis 4. normal or slightly de

...Figure 1. Thoracic kyphosis. ]][[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Increased thoracic kyphosis]] (see Figure 1) ...ournals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0145561320946644 Dysphagia precipitated by cervical lordosis in the aged]. Ear Nose Throat J. 2020:145561320946644.</ref>

...and back. The thoracic spine lies between the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are ...sis|hyperkyphosis]] or [[Age-related Hyperkyphosis|age-related kyphosis]]. Kyphosis is a condition that is most prevalent in the thoracic spine. The kyphotic i

* cervical dystonia, * cervical myelopathy,

*Cervical Arthrosis *[[Cervical Collar|Cervical Collar]]

...t in the prone position with neck in extension. Prolonged extension of the cervical facet joints in a closed packed position (whilst paddling) increases the de ...uate extension in the thoracic, increasing the demands of extension on the cervical spine.

* [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Kyphosis]] in the [[Swimming Overuse Injuries|swimmer]] is also common.[[File:Arisa- ...the side - Is an increased or decreased [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|thoracic kyphosis]] present?

...erextension of the upper cervical vertebrae and forward translation of the cervical vertebrae.<ref name=":3">Koseki T, Kakizaki F, Hayashi S, Nishida N, Itoh M * Thoracic Kyphosis is a complication of the combination of slouched-forward shoulders and roun

[[File:Cervical vertebra.png|right|frameless]] ...d to as [[Cervical Radiculopathy|radiculopathy]] and [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical spinal myelopathy]] respectively.

...[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16284634/ Swartz EE, Floyd RT, Cendoma M. Cervical spine functional anatomy and the biomechanics of injury due to compressive ...3edsnp55rrgjct55%29%29/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=2924481 Cervical spondylosis and neck pain Allan I. Binder British Medical Journal, 334, 759

Scheuermann kyphosis, also known as Scheuermann disease, juvenile kyphosis or juvenile discogenic disease, is a condition of hyperkyphosis that involv ...dc8ffec/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=40235 Current concepts in Scheuermann's kyphosis]. Orthopedics (Online). 2008;31(1):52.</ref>

== 2.Neural Provocation Tests [[File:Scheuermann's Kyphosis Pectoral Stretch.jpg|frameless|150x150px]] == [[Ankle Sprain|Ankle sprain]]; Cervical and Lumbar [[Nerve entrapment|Nerve Root Injury]]; [[Colles Fracture|Colles

# Cervical spine: 7 vertebrae of the neck (C1-C7) '''<u>Cervical Region:</u>'''

...ringer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2474-10-39 Pain in the lumbar, thoracic or cervical regions: do age and gender matter? A population-based study of 34,902 Danis ** NB: many patients with chronic low back pain or cervical pain have a stiff thoracic spine and increasing thoracic mobility allows fo

...P aim to determine the influence of increasing and decreasing the thoracic kyphosis on the presenting symptoms.  If the thoracic manoeuvre reduces the symptom ...may modulate shoulder symptoms and are routinely performed throughout the cervical, thoracic, and shoulder regions.

...as the respiratory system (diaphragm).<ref>P. Holck et al. Anatomy of the cervical spine. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2010;130:29-32 [Level 1]</ref><ref>K.L. Moore ...s and Trauma 2012 [Level 2]</ref><ref name="Torretti">J.A. Torretti et al. Cervical spine trauma. Indian J Orthop. 2007;41(4):255-267 [Level 2]</ref><ref name=

...Ez8pa5KX759PD_BMalWsXw Improving tinnitus with mechanical treatment of the cervical spine and jaw], J Am Acad Audiol, 2013 Jul-Aug;24(7):544-55, (Level of evid ...I&scisig=AAGBfm3qKhAdf_3_3Q6D7Rpyf4AcORKcgA Functional disturbances of the cervical spine in tinnitus]. HNO. 2006 Feb;54(2):125-31 (level of evidence 2C)</ref>

=== Cervical spine === ...ond A., Black K., Singh S. [https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.233025121 Pediatric cervical spine: normal anatomy, variants, and trauma]. Radiographics. 2003 May;23(3)

...ommonly localized in the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Cervical_Myelopathy cervical] spine but it can also occur in the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and [[Lum ...ard HA., Comparison of seven different scales used to quantify severity of cervical spondylotic meylopathy and post-operative improvement. J Outcume Meas, 2001

...ard Head Posture|forward head posture]] (FHP) and [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis]] have been found to affect breathing mechanics, including diaphragm mobili ...erextension of the upper cervical vertebrae and forward translation of the cervical vertebrae".<ref name=":2" />This postural malalignment can also become a co

...inous ligament connects the tips of the spinous processes from the seventh cervical vertebra to the sacrum. It runs over the posterior aspect of the vertebrae. * [[Myelopathy|cervical myelopathy]]

...cle tightness in upper trapezius, forward flexed head along with increased kyphosis. Patient appears to be profusely sweating and hands are cold and clammy to <br>• Cervical AROM= limited extension and bilateral rotation<br>• Shoulder AROM= bilate

...ringer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2474-10-39 Pain in the lumbar, thoracic or cervical regions: do age and gender matter? A population-based study of 34,902 Danis ...control exercise.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Figure 1. Exercise to reduce thoracic kyphosis.]]

...of greater than 40°.<ref name=":3">Fon GT, Pitt MJ, Thies Jr AC. Thoracic kyphosis: range in normal subjects. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1980 May 1;13 Normal kyphosis angles vary between

...asymmetry modifications in head positioning, cervical lordosis or thoracic kyphosis.<ref>Iunes DH, Cecílio MB, Dozza MA, Almeida PR. [https://www.scielo.br/j/

...ey form what is know as the vertebral column. There are 7 vertebrae in the cervical region which is your neck; 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region which is you <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-6">[[File:Sagittal section of the cervical spine Primal.png]]

*Thoracic and cervical spine including kyphosis and forward head ...nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Posterior-anterior glide assessment on cervical/thoracic spine for distal symptoms reproduction as well.<br>

[[File:Thoracic kyphosis.png|right|frameless]]This page outlines some Manual Techniques and Exercise The next video is of exercises for eg [[Scheuermann's Kyphosis]]

* The lordotic nature of the cervical and lumbar spine allows the imaginary line of gravity to run through, allow ...inal cord since the spinal canal in this region is smaller compared to the cervical and lumbar region. Hence, a slight compression will lead to symptoms<ref na

...polyradiculopathy.<ref name="p2">Non-Surgical Interventional Treatment of Cervical and Thoracic Radiculopathies, Pain Physician, Richard Derby, Yung Chen, San ...oporosis], osteomalacia), deformity ([http://www.physio-pedia.com/Kyphosis kyphosis], [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Scoliosis scoliosis], compression fracture,

...vicogenic headache]] (CGH) is caused primarily by dysfunction in the upper cervical spine. However, patients with CGH are also highly likely to have myofascial For more information on the role of the upper cervical spine, please click [https://www.physio-pedia.com/The_Upper_Cervical_Spine_

...[[pectoralis major]] and [[Pectoralis Minor|minor]]. Weakness of the deep cervical flexors, ventrally, crosses with weakness of the middle and lower [[trapezi ...sture]], increased cervical lordosis and [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|thoracic kyphosis]], elevated and protracted shoulders, and rotation or abduction and winging

...pril 2001. (LoE:4)</ref> While no tools exists for the assessment of upper cervical ligamentous instability, an approach that takes into account risk factors, ...tube.com/watch?v=k6hUT1kBoEc&feature=youtu.be|width}}<ref>Dpt Orthopeadics Cervical Instability Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6hUT1kBoEc&fea

[[File:Scheuermann's Kyphosis Stretch 2.JPG|right|frameless|200x200px]]Stretching is important for swimmi ** increased [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|thoracic kyphosis]]

...hip flexion during the eccentric phase while maintaining extension in the cervical and lumbar spines, concurrent with holding the knees at approximately 15 de ...ors Include: A round flexed lower back, excessive [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis]] of the thoracic spine, pulling the bar against the thighs, and excessive

* Cervical lordosis * Thoracic kyphosis

...e mobility affects the mobility of several other structures, including the cervical spine, shoulder joint, and rib cage. For example, thoracic spine extension ...its processes: part 2--articular processes, transverse processes, and high cervical spine]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 Jul;197(1):W114-21.</ref>), and they arti

...e et al">June Yoshii, BS, and Vincent C, Traynelis, MD. Achondroplasia and cervical laminoplasty Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 2009; 11:417-420. http://thejns ...ger heads and frontal bossing, limited elbow extension, bowed legs, spinal kyphosis or lordosis, and spinal stenosis."<ref name="June et al" /> Per[[Image:Xray

...ssociation between text neck and neck pain in adults and reported that the cervical flexion angle of the standing and sitting participant using a smartphone di ...scles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|thumb|Cervical spine]]

...so often develops tightness in extensors and the loss of ROM in the upper cervical spine into flexion. Forced thoracic extension with not elongation of cervical and thoracic vertebras in the 3 planes

...spinal column. The spinal column is the body’s main upright support. The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae, the lumbar spine has 5 vertebrae and other o * Biomechanical Functions - The thoracic spine is less mobile than the cervical and lumbar regions due to the presence of the ribcage. However, it allows f

The vertebral column exists of 24 vertebrae: seven [[Cervical Vertebrae|cervical vertebrae]], twelve thoracic vertebrae and five [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar v ...flexed posture eases the back pain and paraspinal muscle spasm; therefore, kyphosis is common in untreated patients.<ref name="p5" /> <br>

.... 2021 Apr 23;16(4):e0248978.</ref> Research shows that individuals with a cervical spinal cord injury are frequently in 30-60 degrees of shoulder elevation. F ...aximal elevation in patients with spinal cord injury decreases as thoracic kyphosis increases. As a result, all tasks that require above-shoulder height moveme

* buffalo hump (truncal obesity with prominent supraclavicular and dorsal cervical fat pads) <ref name="Merck">Beers MH, Porter RS, Jones TV, Kaplan JL, Berkw * [[kyphosis]] and back pain (secondary to bone loss),

...P aim to determine the influence of increasing and decreasing the thoracic kyphosis on the presenting symptoms.  If the thoracic manoeuvre reduces the symptom ...may modulate shoulder symptoms and are routinely performed throughout the cervical, thoracic, and shoulder regions.

...cane. He did not have any problems with transfers. He presented with mild kyphosis and stooped posture and spoke with mild sialorrhea. * Cervical Rotation L/R: 74/72

# Inadequate extension in the thoracic and cervical spine increasing the demands of extension on the low back<ref name=":0" /> ** scoliosis; kyphosis

[[File:Cervical spine.png|thumb]] ...maintaining the range of motion for the head and neck. It contains seven [[Cervical Vertebrae|vertebrae]], which provide support to the head while allowing for

* lies between the superior cervical spine and the inferior [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]]. It ** Upper limbs (upper cervical spine)

* Lumbar kyphosis. * Inertia, slow cervical dilatation and prolonged labour.

...ed cognition. She presented with forward head posture with slight postural kyphosis and palpable muscle tightness in upper trapezius. Slight weakness in lower ...''' Forward head posture (protracted) along with slight increased postural kyphosis. Palpable muscle tightness in upper trapezius. Patient appears to be slight

...ompensation, the forward head posture is developed. It results in impaired cervical proprioception, vestibular deficits, and increased fall risk.<ref>Migliares

* Posture: In standing patient displays increased thoracic kyphosis, forward head, protracted shoulders, increased lumbar lordosis as well as a ...decrease excessive lumbar lordosis, maintain erect posture in thoracic and cervical spine).<br>-Counseled patient on avoiding activities promoting end range lu

...]]- In this type of posture, there is forward head, hyper-extension of the cervical spine, flexion of the thoracic spine, lumbar spine extension, posterior til *Flat-Back Posture- In this type of posture, the head is forward with cervical spine extension. There is slight flexion of the upper thoracic spine and a

...utube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgMdL7vEga8|width}}<ref>3D4Medical - Cervical Whiplash | Trauma. Available from:https://youtu.be/jgMdL7vEga8 (last acce ...?hopc2s=galus&amp;tid=2016</ref><ref>Graziano D.L. et al. (2007). Positive Cervical Artery Testing in a Patient with Chronic Whiplash Syndrome: Clinical Decisi

...urs in the lower lumbar spine but can also occur in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and rarely, except for trauma, in the thoracic spine.<ref name=":1" ...lopathy for lumbar spondylolisthesis and localized/radiating neck pain for cervical spondylolisthesis.

...sment - Physical Assessment|wheelchair sitting posture]] in persons with a cervical-level spinal cord injury is often characterised by: * Rounded shoulders with increased thoracic kyphosis

...deficits. He exhibits a [[Forward Head Posture|forward head posture]] and kyphosis of the thoracic spine with mild lateral deviation towards the left. He also |Cervical Rotation

...h as: [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|increased thoracic kyphosis]] and increased cervical lordosis.<ref name="Ishida" /><ref name="Chaitow" /><br>There are two known

...One should keep in mind that this study did not specify the localisation (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) and type of fracture.<ref>Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Michael *If this type of injuries remain unnoticed, it may result in progressive kyphosis with pain and deformity.

*Increased kyphosis - especially in osteoporotic patients with compression fractures [[Scheuermann's Kyphosis|Scheuermann Disease]] presents as exaggerated [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis]], a

...nts, would result in increased rigidity of the thorax and increased dorsal kyphosis. This does not result in decreased pulmonary function, which is possibly du *Active range of motion of the cervical (seated), trunk (standing) and shoulder regions (seated) to determine pain

''2. Neck-related:'' Mechanical neck pain syndromes and cervical nerve root-related syndromes. <ref name=":0" /> ''3. Posture-related:'' Excessive thoracic kyphosis and cervical lordosis, which are the changes that athletes are more tend to show are rel

** There should be a gentle cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis (excess lumbar lordosis may be caused by weak abdominal == Scheuermann's Kyphosis ==

...mbar]] lordosis and [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis,]] or a flattening of the thoracolumbar spinal curve.  ...and thoracic spine, increase anterior pelvic tilting, and increase of the cervical lordosis.<ref name=":1">Stuart Porter, [https://archive.org/details/tidysph

*[[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Hyper kyphosis]] of the upper [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] spine. * Anterior angulation of the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] region.

* thoracic pain of lower cervical origin, * kyphosis,

...ty, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society] [Internet]. 2020 Apr 1;29(4):786–93. </ref>. Adol CobbMeter is an Iphone app that is used to measure cobb's angle, kyphosis angle and sacral slope on vertical spine through radiographic pictures. It

* Unstable spine, including subluxation at cervical level * Structural scoliosis greater than 30 degrees; excessive kyphosis or lordosis; hemivertebrae

...emor was also seen with finger-to-nose task. AROM testing showed decreased cervical and thoracic spine extension, limited shoulder abduction and flexion bilate * Head forward posture and increased kyphosis of thoracic spine

* Bony causes include thoracic kyphosis or [[clavicula fracture]]. * Neurological causes include [[Cervical Radiculopathy]], long thoracic or spinal accessory nerve palsy.

*[[Scoliosis|Scoliosis]], [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Kyphosis]] *Headaches related to muscle tension in cervical spine and TMJ dysfunction

* [[Cervical Spondylosis]] * Cervical radicular pain or referred cervical facet pain

...e study concluded breathing re-education to be effective in improving come cervical musculoskeletal impairment and breathing pattern disorders. '''<u>Neck pain (cervical spine)</u>'''

...to keep all physiological curves in his back (cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis). These instructions are not only important for passive ac

...ther parts of the body, such as: increased thoracic kyphosis and increased cervical lordosis <ref>Ishida, H., Hirose, R. and Watanabe, S. (2012) Comparison of ..., W., Lin, Z. and Cao, Y. (2019) Correlation between cervical lordosis and cervical disc herniation in young patients with neck pain. ''Medicine'', 98(31).</re

...without extrusion of spinal cord elements into a meningeal sac; location: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and/or sacral spine; motor deficits are less likely than ...fect and extrusion of spinal cord elements into a meningeal sac; location: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and/or sacral spine, leads to paraplegia and insensitivi

...10/8/478 Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) plus upper cervical spine mobilization on forward head posture and swallowing function in strok ...ing. It should consider abnormal postures, such as forward head posture, [[kyphosis]], lordosis, [[scoliosis]], and pelvic malalignments, such as windswept hip

• Cervical kyphosis<ref name="Thirteen">Kaplan P, Wang P, Francke U. Williams (Williams Beuren)

* C/S = [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] ** Forward head posture, postural increased kyphosis in thoracic spine

* Female reproductive organs: cervical canal obstructed by thickened mucus ** [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Kyphosis]] of the spine resulting in neck and back pain&nbsp;

...nts such as poor cardiovascular fitness, shoulder pain, severe scoliosis / kyphosis ...ow level paraplegia. Quadriplegia/tetraplegia occurs with an injury to the Cervical Spine in the neck, and the arms, trunk, pelvis and legs are affected. High

* Thoracic kyphosis * '''Cervical AROM:''' L and R rotation ½ range

...nkles bilaterally. Posture is upright and symmetrical with slight thoracic kyphosis.   |Cervical spine flexion, extension, side flexion, rotation