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...dysfunctions in the axial skeleton. The first two laws solely apply to the lumbar and thoracic spinal regions, but the third applies to the entire vertebral *When the spine is in neutral, sidebending to one side will be accompanied by horizontal ro

...ic test used to diagnose facet joint injury in the spine especially in the lumbar and cervical region.<br> ...y with the thumbs over the spinous or transverse processes of the thoracic spine on both sides. The clinician looks for pain or hypomobility /hypermobility

Musculoskeletal conditions of the lumbar-pelvic region eg ...ddle DL. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696151 The relationship of lumbar flexion to disability in patients with low back pain.] Physical therapy. 20

...https://www.physioadvisor.com.au/health/anatomy/ligaments/ligaments-of-the-spine/ (accessed 29 March 2019). ...in the thoracic region, broader, thicker, and quadrilateral in form in the lumbar region, and only slightly developed in the neck. In the neck they are often

...the [[Erector Spinae]]. It consists of 3 major subgroups: semispinalis, [[Lumbar Multifidus|multifidus]] and [[Rotatores Muscles|rotatores]]. ...pans the whole length of the vertebral column, it is most developed in the lumbar region. It originates from the transverse process and crosses between 2 and

The [http://www.stopsbackpain.com.au Treatment of Problems of the Spine (STOPS)]&nbsp;trial to prove that high quality Physiotherapy is effective&n *[[Lumbar Discogenic Pain]]

...ailable: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/physical-examination-of-the-lumbar-spine/ (acessed 20.11.2022)</ref> ...ar Spine Available;https://learnmuscles.com/blog/2017/08/30/motions-lumbar-spine/ (accessed 21.11.2022)</ref>

...f each vertebra. These muscles are vital for allowing free movement of the spine.[[Image:250px-Iliostalis.png|Iliocostalis lumborum bottom R, iliocostalis d ...|serratus posterior inferior]] muscle. Iliocostalis lumborum is the lower (lumbar) portion of that muscle.

...nstability_A_Case_Report Addition of the anterior shear test in diagnosing lumbar segmental instability: a case report]. Orthopaedic Practice. 2018; 30: 26-2 ...would indicate a positive sign for the Anterior Stability Test.<ref>Week 6 Lumbar Special Tests [Unpublished Lecture Notes]. DPT 611: Musculoskeletal Physica

...e (used for the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] or the [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]]). ...compressive force. This test is used in differentiation and diagnosis of a lumbar posterior [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php/Facet_Joint_Syndrome facet

...les. It is essential for correct standing or sitting [[Lumbar Examination|lumbar posture]], [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]], and during [[Walking - Muscles Used|w ...vertebrae. There are two psoas minors, if present, one on each side of the spine.

...n that can be used for [[Neck Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck]], [[Lumbar Anatomy|back,]] or [[shoulder]] pain.<ref>Ghan GM, Babu VS. Immediate effec * Manipulation of the spine (MTS)can also be defined as a form of manual therapy that is used in an eff

[[File:Lumbar-plexus-and-its-branches.png|right|frameless|354x354px]] [[File:Lumbar Plexus Gray.png|right|frameless|401x401px]]

...hly referenced position statement on the use of segmental palpation of the spine. ...ill include diagnostic properties for visual alignment tests of the lumbar spine, pelvis, leg-lengths, etc. What should be used; what should be avoided; wha

...en I, Ammendolia C, Verhagen A, Laslett M, et al. Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain. Cochra ...en I, Ammendolia C, Verhagen A, Laslett M, et al. Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain. Cochra

...sive set of [[Muscle|muscles]], that run all the way along the back of the spine. They’re known collectively as the paraspinal muscles. The paraspinal mus ...raspinal muscles support the spine and power and stabilise movement of the spine.

...open the [[Lumbar Vertebrae|intervertebral foramen]] to provide additional lumbar stability. <ref name=":0" /> [[Category:Lumbar Spine - Interventions]]

...ts with Ankylosing Spondylitis]., 2012, Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, SPINE vol 37, Number 19, pp E1189-E1196 (level of Evidence: 1B)</ref>. ...e measurements in erect and flexion positions indicates the outcome of the lumbar flexion <ref name="Rez" />.

...ythm.][[File:Basics of lumbar spine.jpg|center|thumb|<ref>basics of lumbar spine. source: pixy.org.CCO public domain, No attribution required. Available fro ...on with the pelvis. '''It is the kinematic relationship between the lumbar spine and hip joints during sagittal plane movement.'''

* Longissimus thoracis (lumbar part):Lumbar intermuscular aponeurosis, posterior sacroiliac ligament and medial part of * Longissimus thoracis (lumbar part): L1-L5 accessory and transverse processes

...ces the spine at end of [[Range of Motion|range of motion]] and leaves the spine prone to acute and chronic injuries. ...1 Lower Back Injury Prevention and Sensitization of Hip Hinge with Neutral Spine Using Wearable Sensors during Lifting Exercises.] Sensors. 2021 Aug 14;21(1

...s. The Posterior Chain refers to the structures at the back of the leg and spine. The main muscles that make up the Posterior Chain are the [[Gastrocnemius| ...29;8(1):96-113.</ref> highlighted this as a way to exercise and improve [[lumbar]] strength.

...ack pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation.] Spine. 2002;27:2835-2843.</ref> study in developing a clinical prediction rule fo ...almer JA. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16676870 The use of a lumbar spine manipulation technique by physical therapists in patients who satisfy a cli

...ge/pain response assessment in the management of symptomatic lumbar discs. Spine J. 2003 Mar-Apr;3(2):146-54. doi: 10.1016/s1529-9430(02)00565-x. PMID: 1458 ...Kenzie Approach]]) for the treatment of derangement classifications of the spine.

...fear of moving. &nbsp;There was tenderness and muscle spasm over the right lumbar area and pain on left sided intervertebral joint mobilisations L2-4. &nbsp; ...n also revealed impairments of poor strength or muscle coordination in the lumbar region and core.&nbsp;

...ve the patient slump forward at the thoracic and [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] spine. If this position does not cause pain, have the patient flex the neck by pl ...ef name="Stankovic 1999">Stankovic R, Johnell O, Maly P, Willner S. Use of lumbar extension, slump test, physical and neurological examination in the evaluat

...ral shift is often seen with an acute onset of back pain with or without [[Lumbar Radiculopathy|radicular]] symptoms. The shift can occur towards the side of ...enzie method. ''The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society'', ''8''(1), 134–141. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.20

...|iliac crest]] and inserts on the transverse process of [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar]] one through five and the lower part of the twelfth [[Ribs|rib.]] The QL m ...elfth [[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|thoracic nerve]] and the spinal rami of the lumbar [[Spinal Nerves|spinal nerves]].

...lateral facet joints transfer loads and guide and constrain motions in the spine due to their geometry and mechanical function<ref>Nicolas V. Jaumard, Willi ...is rather flat in the cervical and thoracic regions and more convex in the lumbar region. The opposing inferior facet of the superior vertebra is concave and

...has a uniform width over the bodies and discs, but in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] region the ligament is widest at the levels of the intervertebral discs w ...his is significant in understanding certain pathological conditions of the spine such as the typical location for a spinal disc herniation.

=== Head &amp; Cervical Spine === *[[Surgical & Post‐op Management of Cervical Spine Stenosis|Surgical &amp; Post-op Management of Cervical Spinal Stenosis]]

...McKenzie back exercises that based on lumbar extension, it aims to improve lumbar flexion and strengthen the [[Gluteal Muscles|gluteal]] and [[Abdominal Musc Lumbar flexion exercises is an exercise technique that aims to correct posture, re

The Bragard's sign (also: Braggard's test) is used to evaluate whether lumbar and/or ischiadic pain originates from lumbosacral radiculopathy (e.g. [[Dis ...2891-017-1549-6/figures/1 link]. Examples of further tests include for the lumbar region are

Obliterate lumbar curve by flexing other hip and holding. Flex hip with hand under [[lumbar]] area to check no pelvic movement occurs.

...muscle group is a very deep layer of muscles located on either side of the spine. # Semispinalis cervicis muscle - fascicles cover the cervical and thoracic [[Lumbar Multifidus|multifidus]] muscles

...er limb, psoas major.</ref>It is essential for correct standing or sitting lumbar posture, stability of the hip joint, and during walking and running<ref nam ...cent intervertebral discs. The deeper portion originates at the first four lumbar vertebrae.<ref name=":3" />

...nature<ref>Nikolai Bogduk. Clinical and Radiological Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine 5th Edition.Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier. Feb 2012.</ref><ref name=":0" ...ion, the ligament has '''pretension,''' preventing it from buckling. '''At lumbar vertebra,''' this pretension is provided by the traction and tension forces

Spinous processes of T11-[[Lumbar Vertebrae|L2]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Palastanga, N., & Soames, R. ...produce thoracic extension as well as lateral flexion and rotation of the spine<ref name=":0" />.

...y combining the anterior rami of the L1 and L2 spinal nerves at the lumbar spine. Descending through the retroperitoneum, it divides into genital and femora [[File:Lumbar Plexus Gray.png|none|thumb]]

...which exercise? A randomized control trial of exercise for low back pain]. Spine 2002;27(24):2529-2602.</ref>. The McKenzie side glide test is an assessment ...6960/ McKenzie diagnosis and therapy in the evaluation and management of a lumbar disc derangement syndrome: A case study.] J Chiropr Med, 2013;''2''(2): 60

[[File:Spine anatomy.jpg|thumb|Lumbosacral spine]] Linked with particular occupations: (see also [[Biomechanics of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation]])

.... Manual Therapy 2009;14 (1), 52–60.</ref>. In the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] this approach is now well established. In the management of non-specific ...nment of the lumbar spine have been noted in subjects with flexion-related lumbar pain<ref name=":1" />.

...r load balance within the spine, pelvis, and kinetic chain. They spare the spine from excessive load and are essential for lad transfer between the upper an ...[Abdominal Muscles|Abdominals]]; thoracolumbar; lumbar and lateral thoraco-lumbar muscles

...The Three-Phases Test differentiates between the involvement of the lumbar spine, the SI joint and the hip. The patient is again in prone position and the e * Lumbar spine: Fixation of the vertebra Th12 in ventral-caudal position while extending t

...with a proximal attachment on the sacrum and the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae. # Between the posterior and middle layers of the thoracolumbar fascia in the lumbar regions <ref>Radiopedia Erector Spinae Available: https://radiopaedia.org/a

| rowspan="4" |Cervical Spine | rowspan="4" |Thoraco-Lumbar Spine

* Superficial tenderness: Tenderness over a wide area of lumbar skin to light touch or pinch. ...the examiner presses downwards vertically on the patient’s head, eliciting lumbar pain.

...ctions followed by mechanical diagnosis and therapy to prevent surgery for lumbar disc herniation. ''Pain Medicine'', ''15''(7), 1100-1108.</ref>. looked at [[Category:Lumbar Spine - Interventions]]

Lumbo pelvic stability (LPS) refers to controlling the motion of the lumbar spine and pelvis relative to an arbitrarily defined neutral position. <ref>Mills ...mpartment muscles such as the transversus abdominis are most important for lumbar stability. <ref>Lynders C. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1007/s

...unction, flexibility, range of motion and angle of the thoracic and lumbar spine.] ''Fisioterapia e Pesquisa'', ''23''(4), pp.394-401. Available from: htt ...d flags]], [[Spinal Masqueraders|spinal masqueraders]], suspected [[Lumbar Spine Fracture|spinal fracture]] be sure to liaise with appropriate medics and in

...onnect the spine to the pelvis, facilitating load transfer from the lumbar spine to the lower extremities. The majority of low back pain (LBP) is perceived to arise from the lumbar spine, but another likely source of LBP that is largely overlooked is the SIJ.

...lynn.+Staying+out+of+trouble+in+pediatric+orthopaedics.+Examination+of+the+spine.+Philadelphia,+2006.+P20-21.+Level+of+evidence:+D&ots=d_mu8QW6Af&sig=6ixw9s ...r [[Leg Length Discrepancy|limb length discrepancy]]. The [[Lumbar Anatomy|spine]] needs to be visible. The patient bends forward at the waist until the bac

[[File:Osteoarthritic Spine (48605563867).png|right|frameless|alt=|476x476px]] ...and intervertebral disc degeneration: Quite different, quite similar.] JOR spine. 2018 Dec;1(4):e1033.Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM

...(osteoligamentous spine), and neural components is necessary to prevent [[Lumbar Instability|instability]]. [[File:Testing lumbar flexion.jpg|thumb|Lumbosacral flexion]]

...m/Low_Back_Pain Low Back Pain] through interventions aimed at the thoracic spine and the hip joints.&nbsp; ...sp;be sure to perform&nbsp;[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Examination Lumbar Examination] &nbsp;as well as&nbsp;[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Hip_Examina

...h of the fascicles, as well as region covered. The groups are rotatores, [[Lumbar Multifidus|multifidus]], and semispinalis. ...age and studies have shown a minimal contribution of the rotatores towards spine movements. Instead functioning as important stabilizers of the vertebral co

...elated to contraction, and leads to an increase in stress applied to the [[lumbar]] area.<ref>Fujitani R, Jiromaru T, Kida N, Nomura T. [https://www.research ...lumbar spine (longer thoracic kyphosis is observed) 3. apparently shorter lumbar lordosis 4. normal or slightly decreased anterior [[Pelvic Tilt|pelvic tilt

...back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine. 1997 Dec 15;22(24):2959-67.</ref>. ...ship between double leg lowering test and core strength test of the lumbar spine in normal healthy individuals]. Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medi

...of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy]. Eur Spine J 2018; 27: 60-75<br> [[Category:Lumbar Spine]]

...Back Muscles|back muscles]] in the lower [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and lumbar area before passing through these muscles to attach to the [[sacrum]]. Abov ..., [[spasticity]] and increased tone in the lower thoracic spine and lumbar spine / paraspinal regions causing severe [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]<nowiki/>s. <re

==== Lumbar Spine ==== ==== Cervical Spine ====

!Spine |[[Rectus Abdominis|Lumbar flexors]]

...ary clinical reasoning skills to either clear the lumbar spine or diagnose lumbar pathology. ...J, Kahle K. Diagnostic pitfalls in spine surgery: masqueraders of surgical spine disease. Neurosurgical Focus. 2011;31(4).</ref> - so these too much be cons

...and reporting in orthopaedic physical therapy: application to the cervical spine. ''journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy'', ''40''(8), 455-463.< ...e Cervical Spine|cervical]] or [[Manipulation of the Lumbar Spine|lumbar]] spine dry needling. The types of adverse responses can vary greatly from mild to

...s for Lumbar Assessment course.<ref name=":5">Rainey N. Considerations for Lumbar Assessment Course. Plus, 2023.</ref> They come from the following articles: ...10.1186/1471-2474-8-90 Reliability of movement control tests in the lumbar spine.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2007 Dec;8(1):1-1.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Osteoprosis of Spine.jpg|thumb|Osteoprosis of Spine]]The effects of bone structure changes may bring about: ...have received at least one compression fracture.<ref>Lumbar Compression [[Lumbar Compression Fracture|Fracture]]</ref>See also [[Osteoporotic Vertebral Frac

Not attached to the thoracic spine, but an important group of muscles in this region is the Intercostal Group ...mentum nuchae of the neck, to the spinous processes of C7 and the thoracic spine down to T12. It connects the shoulder blade with the vertebral column and a

[[Image:Lumbar vertebra.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Lumbar Vertebrae]] ...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref>

...t is anterior [[Pelvic Tilt|pelvic tilt]]. This alters the position of the spine resulting in a [[Low Back Pain Related to Hyperlordosis|hyperlordosis]], wh ...s Back|Cyclists]] may develop a [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphotic thoracic spine]].

== Canine Spine == ...uns from the base of the head to the end of the tail.<ref>Cuteness. Canine Spine Anatomy.(Accessed on 2021/03/06). Available from https://www.cuteness.com/a

...ter|thumb|650x650px|Three types of osteophytes related to the degenerative spine: (a) traction osteophytes (arrow), (b) claw osteophytes (arrow) and (c) wra * [[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis]]

The [[Lumbar Multifidus|multifidus muscle]] is from the deep [[Back Muscles|muscles of t ...ngth of the vertebral column but is most developed in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar area]].<ref name=":0" /> The multifidus muscle is a local [[Core Muscles|co

...use consistent with guidelines? A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Spine Journal. 2018 Dec 1;18(12):2266-77.</ref> ...will cover the four diagnostic imaging modalities commonly used in lumbar spine disorders.

...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref> ...ical]] spinal nerve pairs, 12 [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] pairs , five [[lumbar]] pairs, five [[Sacrum|sacral]] pairs, and one coccygeal pair.<ref>Brain ma

...acrospinous ligament]]<nowiki/>s. They help stabilise the&nbsp;lumbosacral spine on the [[pelvis]].<ref>A STUDY OF ITS ANATOMY. DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL SIG ...ac Joint|sacroiliac joint]] is located in the pelvis and helps to keep the spine stable.<ref>http://www.medic8.com/healthguide/sports-medicine/iliolumbar-li

Following an [[Lumbar Assessment|assessment]] of back function, we formulated a treatment plan. T === Erector Spinae/Lumbar Multifidus ===

*[[Lumbar Facet Joint injections]] *[[Manual Therapy Techniques For The Lumbar Spine]]

...tionship to age, sex, and race: an anatomic study of cadaveric specimens.] Spine. 2007;32(19):2058-62.</ref> Based on the data of previous studies, the risk ...lower back region. Patients with this syndrome can experience pain in the lumbar facet joint or joint capsule, which may spread down to the limb if the synd

...ck, being anatomically able to control segmental movements of the cervical spine in concert with the [[Cervical Deep Neck Flexors|deep cervical flexors.]]<r ...mbar Multifidus|Multifidus]] - which acts as a segmental stabiliser as the spine moves. It is thought that the unique design of the multifidus endows it wit

Spine AROM: *Lumbar Flexion=45 deg

...ecause of less frequent upper lumbar radioculopathies as compared to lower lumbar radiculopathies<ref name=":0">Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy From Art ...sidered as an anterior corollary of SLR and assesses the mobility of upper lumbar nerve segments.

==Spine== ...ass="col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4">[[Image:Sagittal section of the cervical spine Primal.png|200px|center]]<br>

...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy � ...t if a headache stops with a manual technique involving the upper cervical spine then, this must be diagnostically significant as to the site of the lesion

...crest, the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). These landmarks are instrumental in physical examinations by allowi This level corresponds to around L3-L4 [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar vertebrae]]<ref name=":0" />.

...464x464px|FABERs test.  Attribution to "Dr. Donald Corenman, MD - Colroado Spine Doctor".]] ...al pain provocation test to assist in diagnosis of pathologies at the hip, lumbar and sacroiliac region. <ref name="martin et al">Martin RL, Sekiya JK. [http

...k), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower back).   ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...curl up exercise works on the endurance of the abdominals, important in [[Lumbar|back]] support and [[Core Stability|core stability]].<ref name=":5">Top end ...acts as a corset contributing to the inter-segmental control of the lumbar spine, rather than contributing in trunk flexion<ref name=":0" />.

...m/index.php/Intervertebral_disc intervertebral disc] and [[Biomechanics of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation]] Internal disc disruption is a subgroup of [[Lumbar Discogenic Pain|discogenic pain]].

...ams for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized clinical trial. Spine. 2006;31:2541-2549.</ref><ref>Reiman MP, Weisbach PC, Glynn PE. The hips in 2. Interventions aimed at the lumbar spine have been used to treat:

...chronic_low_back_pain Outcome measures in chronic low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2010 Sep 1;19(9):1484-94.</ref> ...chronic_low_back_pain Outcome measures in chronic low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2010 Sep 1;19(9):1484-94.</ref>

...:e0222822.</ref> However, it is often difficult to distinguish whether the spine or limb is the primary cause of lameness in a horse as spinal problems are ...ical assessment. This page will discuss assessments specific to the equine spine that are not discussed in detail in the [[Objective Assessment of the Equin

...of the C7 vertebra. This muscle extends and laterally flexes the thoracic spine and is innervated by the lateral branches of the posterior primary division ...teral flexion of the spine, while when acting bilaterally, they extend the spine.

The [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] supports much of the upper body's weight. [[Intervertebral disc|Intervert ...tebral column. This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the lumbar vertebrae and abdominal wall, including the bony structures, articulations,

# Back posture on the bicycle can strain the lower back (lumbar spine flexed) so a long time in the saddle can take its toll on the back. ...cient length of hamstrings, causing pulling on the pelvis and rotating the spine into flexion.<ref name=":0" />

...n the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from v ...tched on their superior and inferior surfaces, in the articulated thoracic spine, these notches form the intervertebral foramina for the passage of the thor

...with increasing lordosis and with hyperlordosis. The pull of muscle on the lumbar vertebrae also creates an increasing shear strength on the vertebrae.<ref>T

...nt to learn the principles of proper body mechanics<ref name=":0">Colorado spine inst. [https://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/education/wellness/body-mecha * Proper body mechanics are vitally important for keeping your spine healthy, it's easy to incorporate these principles into daily life.

...he back. Unilaterally they assist with lateral bending and rotation of the spine<ref name=":0" />. # [[Lumbar Multifidus|Multifidus]]

...d to design a variety of diagnostic and treatment procedures for chronic [[Lumbar Discogenic Pain|discogenic pain]] <ref name=":0">Shayota B, Wong TL, Fru D, ...nsory Nerve Fibers and Endings in Lumbar Intervertebral Discs of the Rat]. Spine.1991;16:653-655.</ref>, and into the nucleus pulposus in another <ref>Peng

...Joints|Facet]] arthrosis is a painful [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...ertebrae posteriorly and and help with twisting and turning motions of the spine. <ref name=":0">Brennan D. Facet arthrosis: What is it and what causes it?