Physiology In Sport: Difference between revisions

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The musculoskeletal system is fundamental in exercise physiology because to exercise, there is the need of muscle functional contraction, of course. The strength of a muscle depend mostly by its ''cross sectional area''<ref name="Maughan 1983">Maughan RJ, Watson JS, Weir J. Strength and cross-sectional area of human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 1983 May;338:37–49.</ref>, therefore size matter.<br>  
The musculoskeletal system is fundamental in exercise physiology because to exercise, there is the need of muscle functional contraction, of course. The strength of a muscle depend mostly by its ''cross sectional area''<ref name="Maughan 1983">Maughan RJ, Watson JS, Weir J. Strength and cross-sectional area of human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 1983 May;338:37–49.</ref>, therefore size matter.<br>  


'''Mechanical work''' performed by a muscle is the amount of force applied by the muscle multiplied by the distance over which the force is applied<ref name="Guyton 2010">Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12e. 12th edition. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2010. 1120 p.</ref>.
'''Mechanical work''' performed by a muscle is the ''amount of force'' applied by the muscle ''multiplied by the distance'' over which the force is applied<ref name="Guyton 2010">Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12e. 12th edition. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2010. 1120 p.</ref>.  


Muscle '''strength''' is the maximal amount of tension or force that a muscle or a muscle group can volountarily exert on a maximal effort<ref name="Foss 1998">Foss ML, Keteyian SJ, Fox EL. Fox’s Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport. 6th edition. Boston, Mass: William C Brown Pub; 1998. 620 p.</ref> when type of muscle contraction, segment velocity and joint angle are specified<ref name="Knuttgen 1976">Knuttgen HG. Neuromuscular mechanisms for therapeutic and conditioning exercise. University Park Press; 1976.</ref>.
Muscle '''strength''' is the ''maximal amount of tension or force'' that a muscle or a muscle group can volountarily exert ''on a maximal effort''<ref name="Foss 1998">Foss ML, Keteyian SJ, Fox EL. Fox’s Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport. 6th edition. Boston, Mass: William C Brown Pub; 1998. 620 p.</ref> when type of muscle contraction, segment velocity and joint angle are specified<ref name="Knuttgen 1976">Knuttgen HG. Neuromuscular mechanisms for therapeutic and conditioning exercise. University Park Press; 1976.</ref>.  


The'''power''' of muscle contraction is different from muscle strength because power is a measure of the total amount of work that the muscle performs in a unit period of time and is generally measured in kilogram meters (kg-m) per minute<ref name="Guyton 2010" />. <br>
The '''power''' of muscle contraction is different from muscle strength because power is a measure of the ''total amount of work'' that the muscle performs ''in a unit period of time'' and is generally measured in kilogram meters (kg-m) per minute<ref name="Guyton 2010" />. <br>  
 
Another important concept is '''endurance''', defined as the ability to perform repeated contractions against a resistance or maintain a contraction for a period of time<ref name="Foss 1998" />.
 
=== Types of muscle contraction ===
 
There are several types of muscle contraction, as follows:
 
*


== References  ==
== References  ==

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Introduction[edit | edit source]

Biology is a branch of science that deals with living organisms and vital processes, both in animals and plants[1].

Physiology and anatomy are two closely related branches of biology[2].

While anatomy is the science that investigates the structure of the body, physiology is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things[3]. Physiology derives from Ancient Greek φύσις (physis), meaning "nature, origin", and -λογία (-logia), meaning "study of"[4].

The major goals of physiology are[3]:

  • to understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli;
  • to understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a continually changing environment.

Exercise physiology is the specialistic branch of physiology which studies the acute responses and chronic adaptations to a wide range of exercise conditions.

Exercise physiology
[edit | edit source]

Studies in exercise physiology help athletes achieve greatness. For example, it is now known that olympic weightlifting and plyometric training are two methods to increase vertical jump height (Hackett D, Davies T, Soomro N, Halaki M. Olympic weightlifting training improves vertical jump height in sportspeople: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Nov 30)

Exercise is one of the most common stimulii which perturbates human homeostasis[5].

Usually people think of exercise as a sport-related activity to increment performance and train athletes (such as basketball, football, volleyball, hockey players, weightlifters, runners, etc.). But physical exercise is also present during job-related physical activity (lifting loads, moving objects, walking and standing for 8 hours, etc.), activities of daily living (doing laundry, mowing the lawn, cleaning house, cooking dinner, etc.), and rehabilitation of patients, such as following a stroke or heart attack. In all of these non-sport-related activities, exercise is involved. Therefore, exercise physiology matters in all of these contexts.

The physiological response to exercise is dependent on the intensity, duration and frequency of the exercise as well as the environmental conditions[6].

During physical exercise, requirements for oxygen and substrate in skeletal muscle are increased, as are the removal of metabolites and carbon dioxide. Chemical, mechanical and thermal stimuli affect alterations in metabolic, cardiovascular and ventilatory function in order to meet these increased demands[6].

Musculoskeletal System[edit | edit source]

If you need a recap on muscle physiology these videos will be very useful.

[7]
[8]

The musculoskeletal system is fundamental in exercise physiology because to exercise, there is the need of muscle functional contraction, of course. The strength of a muscle depend mostly by its cross sectional area[9], therefore size matter.

Mechanical work performed by a muscle is the amount of force applied by the muscle multiplied by the distance over which the force is applied[10].

Muscle strength is the maximal amount of tension or force that a muscle or a muscle group can volountarily exert on a maximal effort[11] when type of muscle contraction, segment velocity and joint angle are specified[12].

The power of muscle contraction is different from muscle strength because power is a measure of the total amount of work that the muscle performs in a unit period of time and is generally measured in kilogram meters (kg-m) per minute[10].

Another important concept is endurance, defined as the ability to perform repeated contractions against a resistance or maintain a contraction for a period of time[11].

Types of muscle contraction[edit | edit source]

There are several types of muscle contraction, as follows:

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Definition of BIOLOGY [Internet]. [cited 2016 May 31]. Available from: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biology
  2. ↑ Branches of biology - Biology-Online Dictionary [Internet]. [cited 2016 May 31]. Available from: http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Branches_of_biology
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tate P. Seeley’s Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 2 edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2011. 960 p.
  4. ↑ Physiology on Online Etymology Dictionary [Internet]. [cited 2016 May 31]. Available from: http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=physiology&amp;amp;amp;amp;allowed_in_frame=0
  5. ↑ Silverthorn DU. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach. 7 edition. San Francisco: Pearson; 2015. 960 p.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Burton DA, Stokes K, Hall GM. Physiological effects of exercise. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2004 Jan 12;4(6):185–8.
  7. ↑ Armando Hasudungan. "Myology - Skeletal Muscle Contraction". Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vs0tZV35_pw [last accessed 01/06/2016]
  8. ↑ Graham Johnson. "Muscle Contraction Overview Animation". Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GneonFlcZG8 [last accessed 01/06/2016]
  9. ↑ Maughan RJ, Watson JS, Weir J. Strength and cross-sectional area of human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 1983 May;338:37–49.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12e. 12th edition. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2010. 1120 p.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Foss ML, Keteyian SJ, Fox EL. Fox’s Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport. 6th edition. Boston, Mass: William C Brown Pub; 1998. 620 p.
  12. ↑ Knuttgen HG. Neuromuscular mechanisms for therapeutic and conditioning exercise. University Park Press; 1976.
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