Neck Disability Index: Difference between revisions

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== Objective<br> ==
== Definition ==
[[File:Afif-kusuma-txzpx9doVWs-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]]
The Neck Disability Index (NDI) (modification of the [[Oswestry Disability Index|Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index]]).
* Patient-completed, condition-specific functional status questionnaire with 10 items including pain, personal care, lifting, reading, headaches, concentration, work, driving, sleeping and recreation.
* The NDI has sufficient support and usefulness to retain its current status as the most commonly used self-report measure for neck pain <ref name="Macdermid et al">Macdermid JC, Walton DM, Avery S, Blanchard A, Etruw E, McAlpine C, Goldsmith CH. Measurement properties of the neck disability index a sustematic review Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2009 May;39(5):400-17.</ref>.&nbsp;
* The NDI is translated in many languages (Greek, German, Dutch, Korean, Spanish, French) each has its own validity and reliability outcomes.
* The NDI can be used to evaluate the patients status presence and to evaluate the evolution during the therapy


The NDI is a modification of the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index. It is a patient-completed, condition-specific functional status questionnaire with 10 items including pain, personal care, lifting, reading, headaches, concentration, work, driving, sleeping and recreation. The NDI has sufficient support and usefulness to retain its current status as the most commonly used self-report measure for neck pain<ref name="Macdermid et al">Macdermid JC, Walton DM, Avery S, Blanchard A, Etruw E, McAlpine C, Goldsmith CH. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2009 May;39(5):400-17.</ref>.
== Intended Population  ==


== Intended Population  ==
*Chronic neck or upper back pain
*Musculoskeletal neck pain
*Whiplash injuries and [[Whiplash Associated Disorders|whiplash associated disorders]]
*[[Cervical Radiculopathy|Cervical radiculopathy]] and [[Thoracic Disc Syndrome]]<ref name="Macdermid et al" />


Chronic neck pain, musculoskeletal neck pain and whiplash injuries.  
== NDI Questionnaire  ==
Below is the questionnaire.


== Method of Use<br>  ==
This questionnaire has been designed to give us information as to how your neck pain has affected your ability to manage in everyday life. Please answer every section and mark in each section only the one box that applies to you. We realise you may consider that two or more statements in any one section relate to you, but please just mark the box that most closely describes your problem.


The NDI can be scored as raw score <ref name="Vernon & Mior" /> or doubled, and expressed as a percent <ref name="Riddle & Stratford" />. Each section is scored on a 0-5 scale, with the first statement being “0” (ie. No pain) and the last statement being “5” (ie. Worst imaginable pain). A higher score indicates more patient-rated disability. There is no statement in the original literature on how to handle missing data. To use the NDI for patient decisions, a clinically important change was calculated as 5 points, with a sensitivity of 0.78 and a specificity of 0.80<ref name="Stratford et al" />.
Section 1: Pain Intensity
* I have no pain at the moment
* The pain is very mild at the moment
* The pain is moderate at the moment
* The pain is fairly severe at the moment
* The pain is very severe at the moment
* The pain is the worst imaginable at the moment
Section 2: Personal Care (Washing, Dressing, etc.)
* I can look after myself normally without causing extra pain
* I can look after myself normally but it causes extra pain
* It is painful to look after myself and I am slow and careful
* I need some help but can manage most of my personal care
* I need help every day in most aspects of self care
* I do not get dressed, I wash with difficulty and stay in bed
Section 3: Lifting
* I can lift heavy weights without extra pain
* I can lift heavy weights but it gives extra pain
* Pain prevents me lifting heavy weights off the floor, but I can manage if they are conveniently placed, for example on a table
* Pain prevents me from lifting heavy weights but I can manage light to medium weights if they are conveniently positioned
* I can only lift very light weights
* I cannot lift or carry anything
Section 4: Reading
* I can read as much as I want to with no pain in my neck
* I can read as much as I want to with slight pain in my neck
* I can read as much as I want with moderate pain in my neck
* I can’t read as much as I want because of moderate pain in my neck
* I can hardly read at all because of severe pain in my neck
* I cannot read at all
Section 5: Headaches
* I have no headaches at all
* I have slight headaches, which come infrequently
* I have moderate headaches, which come infrequently
* I have moderate headaches, which come frequently
* I have severe headaches, which come frequently
* I have headaches almost all the time
Section 6: Concentration
* I can concentrate fully when I want to with no difficulty
* I can concentrate fully when I want to with slight difficulty
* I have a fair degree of difficulty in concentrating when I want to
* I have a lot of difficulty in concentrating when I want to
* I have a great deal of difficulty in concentrating when I want to
* I cannot concentrate at all
Section 7: Work
* I can do as much work as I want to
* I can only do my usual work, but no more
* I can do most of my usual work, but no more
* I cannot do my usual work
* I can hardly do any work at all
* I can’t do any work at all
Section 8: Driving
* I can drive my car without any neck pain
* I can drive my car as long as I want with slight pain in my neck
* I can drive my car as long as I want with moderate pain in my neck
* I can’t drive my car as long as I want because of moderate pain in my neck
* I can hardly drive at all because of severe pain in my neck
* I can’t drive my car at all
Section 9: Sleeping
* I have no trouble sleeping
* My sleep is slightly disturbed (less than 1 hr sleepless)
* My sleep is mildly disturbed (1-2 hrs sleepless)
* My sleep is moderately disturbed (2-3 hrs sleepless)
* My sleep is greatly disturbed (3-5 hrs sleepless)
* My sleep is completely disturbed (5-7 hrs sleepless)
Section 10: Recreation
* I am able to engage in all my recreation activities with no neck pain at all
* I am able to engage in all my recreation activities, with some pain in my neck
* I am able to engage in most, but not all of my usual recreation activities because of pain in my neck
* I am able to engage in a few of my usual recreation activities because of pain in my neck
* I can hardly do any recreation activities because of pain in my neck
* I can’t do any recreation activities at all
Score: /50 Transform to percentage score x 100 = %points


== Reference  ==
Scoring: For each section the total possible score is 5: if the first statement is marked the section score = 0, if the last statement is marked it = 5. If all ten sections are completed the score is calculated


Vernon H, Mior S. (1991) The neck disability index: A study of reliability and validity. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 14, 409-15<ref name="Vernon & Mior">Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: A study of reliability and validity. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 1991, 14:409-15</ref> <br>  
Minimum Detectable Change (90% confidence): 5 points or 10 %points<ref>NDI developed by: Vernon, H. & Mior, S. (1991). The Neck Disability Index: https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/neck-disability-index. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 14, 409-415 Available from:https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/neck-disability-index (last accessed 1.5.2020)</ref>


== Evidence ==
== Method of Use ==


=== Reliability ===
The NDI can be scored as a&nbsp;raw score <ref name="Vernon et al" />or doubled and expressed as a percent <ref name="Riddle & Stratford">Riddle DL, Stratford PW. Use of generic versus region specific functional status measures on patients with cervical spine disorders. Physical Therapy, 1998;78:951-963</ref>. 
* Each section is scored on a 0 to 5 rating scale, in which zero means 'No pain' and 5 means&nbsp;'Worst imaginable pain'.&nbsp;
* Points summed to a total score. 
* The test can be interpreted as a raw score, with a maximum score of 50, or as a percentage.
* 0 points or 0% means&nbsp;: no activity limitations ,  
* 50 points or 100% means complete activity limitation.
* A higher score indicates more patient-rated disability. There is no statement in the original literature on how to handle missing data. To use the NDI for patient decisions, a clinically important change was calculated as 5 points, with a sensitivity of 0.78 and a specificity of 0.80<ref name="Stratford et al">Stratford PW, Riddle DL, Binkley JM et al (1999) Using the neck disability index to make decisions concerning individual patients Physiotherapy Canada, 2,107-112</ref>.
* Mean duration of the test: 3 to 7.8 minutes <ref name="Macdermid et al" />
Some benchmarks can be found in literature <ref name="Macdermid et al" />
* 0-4points (0-8%) no disability,
* 5-14points ( 10 – 28%) mild disability,
* 15-24points (30-48% ) moderate disability,
* 25-34points (50- 64%) severe disability,
* 35-50points (70-100%) complete disability


Vernon H, Mior S. (1991) The neck disability index: A study of reliability and validity. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 14, 409-15<ref name="Vernon & Mior">Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: A study of reliability and validity. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 1991, 14:409-15</ref>
== Evidence ==
'''Reliability'''


=== Validity ===
The NDI has a fair to moderate test-retest reliability in patients with mechanical neck pain but also for patients with [[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]] .&nbsp;<ref name="Cleland et al">Cleland JA, Childs JD, Whitman JM.. Psychometric Properties of the Neck Disability Index and Numeric Pain Rating Scale in patients With Mechanical Neck Pain, Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008; 89(1):69-74</ref>,<ref name="Young et al 2">Young IA, Cleland JA, Michener LA, Brown C. Reliability, Construct Validity, and Responsiveness of the Neck Disability Index, Patient-Specific Functional Scale, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale in Patients with Cervical Radiculopathy, American Journal of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation, 2010; ;89(10):831-839</ref>. although intra class correlations can change between 0,50 and 0,98 . These difference may occur because some studies do not separate chronic or acute neck pain or due to the fact that the study only used patients with acute neck pain and the retestinterval was 72 hours <ref name="Macdermid et al" />.


Mark Chan Ci En, Dean A. Clair and Stephen J. Edmondston. Manual Therapy, 2009, 14(4):433-438<ref name="Chan et al">Mark Chan Ci En, Dean A. Clair and Stephen J. Edmondston. Manual Therapy, 2009, 14(4):433-438</ref>  
'''Validity'''
* Validity is tested in different trails by comparing NDI with different instruments: eg VAS, [[Patient Specific Functional Scale|Patient-specific Functional Scale]], The Disability Rating Index.
* They all had strong correlation coefficients suggesting their content is highly comparable: The NDI has a good construct validity.<ref name="Vernon et al">Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: A study of reliability and validity. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 1991, 14:409-15</ref><ref name="Hoving et al">Jan lucas hoving, Elizabeth F o’leary, ken r niere, sally green, Rachelle buchbinder, Validity of the neck disability index, Northwick park neck pain questionnaire, and problem elicitation technique for measuring disability associated with whiplash-associated disorders, pain,2003;102(3); 273-281</ref><ref name="Young et al 2" />
* The NDI is seen as a valid tool to measure neck pain and disabilities in patients with neck pain due to acute or chronic conditions as well as in patients suffering from musculoskeletal dysfunctions, [[Whiplash Associated Disorders|whiplash - associated disorders]] and [[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]].&nbsp;<ref name="Stratford et al" /><ref name="Macdermid et al" />
'''Responsiveness'''


=== Responsiveness  ===
The NDI


The NDI appears to demonstrate adequate responsiveness in patients with neck pain and concomitant upper extrmity referred symptoms<ref name="Young et al">Young BA, Walker MJ, Strunce JB, Boyles RE, Whitman JM, Childs JD. Responsiveness of the Neck Disability Index in patients with mechanical neck disorders. Spine, 2009 Jul 24, online article ahead of print.</ref>. Young et al <ref name="Young et al" /> suggest that a 10-point change should be used as the minimum clinically important difference.<br>  
Good responsiveness in measuring neck pain and disabilities in patients with neck pain due to acute or chronic conditions as well as patients suffering from musculoskeletal dysfunctions, [[Whiplash Associated Disorders|whiplash associated disorders]] and [[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]] <ref name="Macdermid et al" />  


<br>  
Demonstrate adequate responsiveness in patients with neck pain and concomitant upper extremity referred symptoms. Young et al suggest that a 10-point change should be used as the minimum clinically important difference.<ref name="Young et al">Young BA, Walker MJ, Strunce JB, Boyles RE, Whitman JM, Childs JD. Responsiveness of the Neck Disability Index in patients with mechanical neck disorders. Spine, 2009 Jul 24, online article ahead of print.</ref>.
[[File:Nik-shuliahin-BuNWp1bL0nc-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]]


Riddle DL, Stratford PW. Use of generic versus region specific functional status measures on patients with cervical spine disorders. Physical Therapy, 1998;78:951-963<ref name="Riddle & Stratford">Riddle DL, Stratford PW. Use of generic versus region specific functional status measures on patients with cervical spine disorders. Physical Therapy, 1998;78:951-963</ref><br>
== Identified problems ==


=== Miscellaneous  ===
Does not include
 
* Psychosocial aspects
Stratford PW, Riddle DL, Binkley JM et al (1999) Using the neck disability index to make decisions concerning individual patients Physiotherapy Canada, 2,107-112<ref name="Stratford et al">Stratford PW, Riddle DL, Binkley JM et al (1999) Using the neck disability index to make decisions concerning individual patients Physiotherapy Canada, 2,107-112.</ref>.
* Emotional aspects
 
Very common in:  
Jette DU, Jette AM (1996) Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 76, 930-45<ref name="Jette">Jette DU, Jette AM.  Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy, 1996; 76:930-45</ref>
* Chronic neck pain
 
* Whiplash [[Whiplash Associated Disorders|associated disorders]]
== Links ==
* [[Cervical Radiculopathy|Cervical Radiculopathy]]
== References ==


[http://academic.regis.edu/clinicaleducation/pdf%27s/NDI_with_scoring.pdf View Neck Disability Index]
<references />  
<div class="researchbox">
== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==
<rss>http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=1NwSQ1kPYoZ1BHXGyok_x3pfuZCMJvIb52XKsd8pCQejfeXAV|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</rss> </div>  
== References  ==


References will automatically be added here, see [[Adding References|adding references tutorial]].
[[Category:Outcome_Measures]]
[[Category:Cervical Spine - Outcome Measures]]
[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]]


<references />&nbsp
[[Category:Thoracic Spine]]
1. Macdermid JC, Walton DM, Avery S, Blanchard A, Etruw E, McAlpine C, Goldsmith CH. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2009 May;39(5):400-17.
2. Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: A study of reliability and validity. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 1991, 14:409-15
3. Riddle DL, Stratford PW. Use of generic versus region specific functional status measures on patients with cervical spine disorders. Physical Therapy, 1998;78:951-963
4. Stratford PW, Riddle DL, Binkley JM et al (1999) Using the neck disability index to make decisions concerning individual patients Physiotherapy Canada, 2,107-112.
5. Mark Chan Ci En, Dean A. Clair and Stephen J. Edmondston. Manual Therapy, 2009, 14(4):433-438
6. Young BA, Walker MJ, Strunce JB, Boyles RE, Whitman JM, Childs JD. Responsiveness of the Neck Disability Index in patients with mechanical neck disorders. Spine, 2009 Jul 24, online article ahead of print.
7. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy, 1996; 76:930-45
8. hoving et al., Validity of the neck disability index, Northwick  park neck pain questionnaire, and problem elicitation technique for measuring disability associated with whiplash-associated disorders, pain,2003
9. Gay etal. COMPARISON OF THE NECK DISABILITY INDEX AND THE NECK BOURNEMOUTH QUESTIONNAIRE IN A SAMPLE OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC UNCOMPLICATED NECK PAIN., Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics,2007.
10. Pool et al. Minimal Clinically Important Change of the Neck Disability Index and the Numerical Rating Scale for Patients With  Neck Pain, spine, 2007
11. Cleland et al . Psychometric Properties of the Neck Disability Index and Numeric Pain Rating Scale in  patients With Mechanical Neck Pain, Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008
12. young et al. Reliability, Construct Validity, and Responsiveness of the Neck Disability Index, Patient-Specific Functional Scale, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale in Patients with Cervical Radiculopathy, American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2010
13. Macdermin et al. measurement properties of the neck disability index: a systematic review, journal of orthopeadic and sports physical therap, 2009

Latest revision as of 11:43, 15 November 2023

Original Editor - Rachael Lowe, Sean Wauters

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Definition[edit | edit source]

Afif-kusuma-txzpx9doVWs-unsplash.jpg

The Neck Disability Index (NDI) (modification of the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index).

  • Patient-completed, condition-specific functional status questionnaire with 10 items including pain, personal care, lifting, reading, headaches, concentration, work, driving, sleeping and recreation.
  • The NDI has sufficient support and usefulness to retain its current status as the most commonly used self-report measure for neck pain [1]. 
  • The NDI is translated in many languages (Greek, German, Dutch, Korean, Spanish, French) each has its own validity and reliability outcomes.
  • The NDI can be used to evaluate the patients status presence and to evaluate the evolution during the therapy

Intended Population[edit | edit source]

NDI Questionnaire[edit | edit source]

Below is the questionnaire.

This questionnaire has been designed to give us information as to how your neck pain has affected your ability to manage in everyday life. Please answer every section and mark in each section only the one box that applies to you. We realise you may consider that two or more statements in any one section relate to you, but please just mark the box that most closely describes your problem.

Section 1: Pain Intensity

  • I have no pain at the moment
  • The pain is very mild at the moment
  • The pain is moderate at the moment
  • The pain is fairly severe at the moment
  • The pain is very severe at the moment
  • The pain is the worst imaginable at the moment

Section 2: Personal Care (Washing, Dressing, etc.)

  • I can look after myself normally without causing extra pain
  • I can look after myself normally but it causes extra pain
  • It is painful to look after myself and I am slow and careful
  • I need some help but can manage most of my personal care
  • I need help every day in most aspects of self care
  • I do not get dressed, I wash with difficulty and stay in bed

Section 3: Lifting

  • I can lift heavy weights without extra pain
  • I can lift heavy weights but it gives extra pain
  • Pain prevents me lifting heavy weights off the floor, but I can manage if they are conveniently placed, for example on a table
  • Pain prevents me from lifting heavy weights but I can manage light to medium weights if they are conveniently positioned
  • I can only lift very light weights
  • I cannot lift or carry anything

Section 4: Reading

  • I can read as much as I want to with no pain in my neck
  • I can read as much as I want to with slight pain in my neck
  • I can read as much as I want with moderate pain in my neck
  • I can’t read as much as I want because of moderate pain in my neck
  • I can hardly read at all because of severe pain in my neck
  • I cannot read at all

Section 5: Headaches

  • I have no headaches at all
  • I have slight headaches, which come infrequently
  • I have moderate headaches, which come infrequently
  • I have moderate headaches, which come frequently
  • I have severe headaches, which come frequently
  • I have headaches almost all the time

Section 6: Concentration

  • I can concentrate fully when I want to with no difficulty
  • I can concentrate fully when I want to with slight difficulty
  • I have a fair degree of difficulty in concentrating when I want to
  • I have a lot of difficulty in concentrating when I want to
  • I have a great deal of difficulty in concentrating when I want to
  • I cannot concentrate at all

Section 7: Work

  • I can do as much work as I want to
  • I can only do my usual work, but no more
  • I can do most of my usual work, but no more
  • I cannot do my usual work
  • I can hardly do any work at all
  • I can’t do any work at all

Section 8: Driving

  • I can drive my car without any neck pain
  • I can drive my car as long as I want with slight pain in my neck
  • I can drive my car as long as I want with moderate pain in my neck
  • I can’t drive my car as long as I want because of moderate pain in my neck
  • I can hardly drive at all because of severe pain in my neck
  • I can’t drive my car at all

Section 9: Sleeping

  • I have no trouble sleeping
  • My sleep is slightly disturbed (less than 1 hr sleepless)
  • My sleep is mildly disturbed (1-2 hrs sleepless)
  • My sleep is moderately disturbed (2-3 hrs sleepless)
  • My sleep is greatly disturbed (3-5 hrs sleepless)
  • My sleep is completely disturbed (5-7 hrs sleepless)

Section 10: Recreation

  • I am able to engage in all my recreation activities with no neck pain at all
  • I am able to engage in all my recreation activities, with some pain in my neck
  • I am able to engage in most, but not all of my usual recreation activities because of pain in my neck
  • I am able to engage in a few of my usual recreation activities because of pain in my neck
  • I can hardly do any recreation activities because of pain in my neck
  • I can’t do any recreation activities at all

Score: /50 Transform to percentage score x 100 = %points

Scoring: For each section the total possible score is 5: if the first statement is marked the section score = 0, if the last statement is marked it = 5. If all ten sections are completed the score is calculated

Minimum Detectable Change (90% confidence): 5 points or 10 %points[2]

Method of Use[edit | edit source]

The NDI can be scored as a raw score [3]or doubled and expressed as a percent [4].

  • Each section is scored on a 0 to 5 rating scale, in which zero means 'No pain' and 5 means 'Worst imaginable pain'. 
  • Points summed to a total score.
  • The test can be interpreted as a raw score, with a maximum score of 50, or as a percentage.
  • 0 points or 0% means : no activity limitations ,
  • 50 points or 100% means complete activity limitation.
  • A higher score indicates more patient-rated disability. There is no statement in the original literature on how to handle missing data. To use the NDI for patient decisions, a clinically important change was calculated as 5 points, with a sensitivity of 0.78 and a specificity of 0.80[5].
  • Mean duration of the test: 3 to 7.8 minutes [1]

Some benchmarks can be found in literature [1]

  • 0-4points (0-8%) no disability,
  • 5-14points ( 10 – 28%) mild disability,
  • 15-24points (30-48% ) moderate disability,
  • 25-34points (50- 64%) severe disability,
  • 35-50points (70-100%) complete disability

Evidence[edit | edit source]

Reliability

The NDI has a fair to moderate test-retest reliability in patients with mechanical neck pain but also for patients with cervical radiculopathy . [6],[7]. although intra class correlations can change between 0,50 and 0,98 . These difference may occur because some studies do not separate chronic or acute neck pain or due to the fact that the study only used patients with acute neck pain and the retestinterval was 72 hours [1].

Validity

  • Validity is tested in different trails by comparing NDI with different instruments: eg VAS, Patient-specific Functional Scale, The Disability Rating Index.
  • They all had strong correlation coefficients suggesting their content is highly comparable: The NDI has a good construct validity.[3][8][7]
  • The NDI is seen as a valid tool to measure neck pain and disabilities in patients with neck pain due to acute or chronic conditions as well as in patients suffering from musculoskeletal dysfunctions, whiplash - associated disorders and cervical radiculopathy. [5][1]

Responsiveness

The NDI

Good responsiveness in measuring neck pain and disabilities in patients with neck pain due to acute or chronic conditions as well as patients suffering from musculoskeletal dysfunctions, whiplash associated disorders and cervical radiculopathy [1]

Demonstrate adequate responsiveness in patients with neck pain and concomitant upper extremity referred symptoms. Young et al suggest that a 10-point change should be used as the minimum clinically important difference.[9].

Nik-shuliahin-BuNWp1bL0nc-unsplash.jpg

Identified problems[edit | edit source]

Does not include

  • Psychosocial aspects
  • Emotional aspects

Very common in:

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Macdermid JC, Walton DM, Avery S, Blanchard A, Etruw E, McAlpine C, Goldsmith CH. Measurement properties of the neck disability index a sustematic review Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2009 May;39(5):400-17.
  2. ↑ NDI developed by: Vernon, H. & Mior, S. (1991). The Neck Disability Index: https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/neck-disability-index. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 14, 409-415 Available from:https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/neck-disability-index (last accessed 1.5.2020)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: A study of reliability and validity. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 1991, 14:409-15
  4. ↑ Riddle DL, Stratford PW. Use of generic versus region specific functional status measures on patients with cervical spine disorders. Physical Therapy, 1998;78:951-963
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Stratford PW, Riddle DL, Binkley JM et al (1999) Using the neck disability index to make decisions concerning individual patients Physiotherapy Canada, 2,107-112
  6. ↑ Cleland JA, Childs JD, Whitman JM.. Psychometric Properties of the Neck Disability Index and Numeric Pain Rating Scale in patients With Mechanical Neck Pain, Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008; 89(1):69-74
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Young IA, Cleland JA, Michener LA, Brown C. Reliability, Construct Validity, and Responsiveness of the Neck Disability Index, Patient-Specific Functional Scale, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale in Patients with Cervical Radiculopathy, American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2010; ;89(10):831-839
  8. ↑ Jan lucas hoving, Elizabeth F o’leary, ken r niere, sally green, Rachelle buchbinder, Validity of the neck disability index, Northwick park neck pain questionnaire, and problem elicitation technique for measuring disability associated with whiplash-associated disorders, pain,2003;102(3); 273-281
  9. ↑ Young BA, Walker MJ, Strunce JB, Boyles RE, Whitman JM, Childs JD. Responsiveness of the Neck Disability Index in patients with mechanical neck disorders. Spine, 2009 Jul 24, online article ahead of print.
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