Muscle Function: Effects of Aging: Difference between revisions
Wendy Walker (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Wendy Walker (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
== Conditions associated with impairment of skeletal function == | == Conditions associated with impairment of skeletal function == | ||
*[[Diabetes|Diabetes]] | *[[Diabetes|Diabetes]] | ||
*Metabolic syndrome | *Metabolic syndrome | ||
*Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease ([[COPD|COPD]]) | *Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease ([[COPD|COPD]]) | ||
*Congestive Cardiac Failure | *Congestive Cardiac Failure | ||
*[[ | *[[Hip Osteoarthritis|Osteoarthritis]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Parkinsons Disease|Parkinsons]] | ||
*Cancer | *Cancer | ||
*[[Stroke|Stroke]] | *[[Stroke|Stroke]] | ||
Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
== Physiotherapy Interventions to minimise or reverse sarcopenia == | == Physiotherapy Interventions to minimise or reverse sarcopenia == | ||
== | === Resistance exercise training : === | ||
< | |||
< | The effects of resisted exercise on ageing muscles is the same as for young muscles: | ||
</ | |||
== References | *improved muscle strength | ||
*increased muscle power - power is a product of both strength and speed. Optimal power reflects how quickly you can exert force to produce the desired movement | |||
*improved muscle composition | |||
=== Evidence: === | |||
Resistance or weight training has been demonstrated to produce increases in muscle strength and power, and also mobility function, in older people living in the following settings: | |||
#independently in the community<ref>Beneka A, Malliou P, Fatouros I, et al: Resistance training effects on muscular strength of elderly are related to intensity and gender. J Sci Med Sport 8:274-283, 2005</ref>,<ref>Henwood TR, Riek S, Taaffe DR: Strength versus muscle power-specific resistance training in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63:83-91, 2008</ref>,<ref>Taaffe DR, Duret C, Wheeler S, et al: Once-weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:1208-1214, 1999</ref> | |||
#in nursing homes<ref>Beyer N, Simonsen L, Bulow J, et al: Old women with a recent fall history show improved muscle strength and function sustained for six months after finishing training. Aging Clin Exp Res 19:300-309, 2007</ref>,<ref>Beyer N, Simonsen L, Bulow J, et al: Old women with a recent fall history show improved muscle strength and function sustained for six months after finishing training. Aging Clin Exp Res 19:300-309, 2007</ref>,<ref>Harridge SD, Kryger A, Stensgaard A: Knee extensor strength, activation, and size in very elderly people following strength training. Muscle Nerve 22:831-839, 1999</ref> | |||
#hospitalised elderly people<ref>Hauer K, Specht N, Schuler M, et al: Intensive physical training in geriatric patients after severe falls and hip surgery. Age Ageing 31:49-57, 2002</ref>,<ref>Suetta C, Magnusson SP, Rosted A, et al: Resistance training in the early postoperative phase reduces hospitalization and leads to muscle hypertrophy in elderly hip surgery patients—a controlled, randomized study. J Am Geriatr Soc 52:2016-2022, 2004</ref>,<ref>Sullivan DH, Roberson PK, Johnson LE, et al: Effects of muscle strength training and testosterone in frail elderly males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:1664-1672, 2005</ref> | |||
== <span style="line-height: 1.5em; background-color: initial;" /><span style="line-height: 1.5em; background-color: initial;">References</span> == | |||
References will automatically be added here, see [[Adding References|adding references tutorial]]. | References will automatically be added here, see [[Adding References|adding references tutorial]]. | ||
<references /> | <references /> |
Revision as of 20:57, 3 June 2014
Original Editor - Wendy Walker
Top Contributors - Wendy Walker, Lucinda hampton, Andeela Hafeez, Kim Jackson, Vidya Acharya, Uchechukwu Chukwuemeka, Tony Lowe, Tarina van der Stockt, Simisola Ajeyalemi, WikiSysop, Claire Knott, Rucha Gadgil, Amrita Patro, Lauren Lopez, Admin, Aminat Abolade, Evan Thomas and Lizzie Cotton
Introduction[edit | edit source]
As we age our muscles undergo progressive changes, primarily involving loss of muscle mass and strength.
The age-related loss of muscle function is known as Sarcopenia[1], derived from the Greek words for flesh (sarcos) and loss (penia) and its definition includes loss of muscle strength and power, as well as reduced function[2]. It occurs with increasing age, and is a major component in the development of frailty.
The loss of muscle mass during the aging process is important clinically as it reduces strength and exercise capacity, both which are needed to perform activities of daily living.
[edit | edit source]
Gross Muscle changes:[edit | edit source]
- Reduced muscle mass (replaced by increased fat mass)
- Reduced muscle strength
- Slowing on contractile properties and rate of force development
Muscle Fibre changes:[edit | edit source]
- Atrophy
- Fibre necrosis
- Fibre type regrouping
Effects of endocrine changes on muscle[edit | edit source]
With increased age, the following changes in endocrine function result in sarcopenia:
- Increased insulin resistance
- Decreased growth hormone[4]
- Reduction in oestrogen and testosterone[5]
- Vitamin D deficiency[6]
- Increased parathyroid hormone[7]
Conditions associated with impairment of skeletal function[edit | edit source]
- Diabetes
- Metabolic syndrome
- Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease (COPD)
- Congestive Cardiac Failure
- Osteoarthritis
- Parkinsons
- Cancer
- Stroke
Physiotherapy Interventions to minimise or reverse sarcopenia[edit | edit source]
Resistance exercise training :[edit | edit source]
The effects of resisted exercise on ageing muscles is the same as for young muscles:
- improved muscle strength
- increased muscle power - power is a product of both strength and speed. Optimal power reflects how quickly you can exert force to produce the desired movement
- improved muscle composition
Evidence:[edit | edit source]
Resistance or weight training has been demonstrated to produce increases in muscle strength and power, and also mobility function, in older people living in the following settings:
- independently in the community[8],[9],[10]
- in nursing homes[11],[12],[13]
- hospitalised elderly people[14],[15],[16]
References[edit | edit source]
References will automatically be added here, see adding references tutorial.
- ↑ Rosenberg IH: Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr 127:990S-991S, 1997
- ↑ Rolland Y, Czerwinski S, Abellan Van Kan G, et al: Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives. J Nutr Health Aging 12:433-450, 200
- ↑ Short KR, Nair KS: The effect of age on protein metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 3:39-44, 2000
- ↑ Toogood AA: Growth hormone (GH) status and body composition in normal ageing and in elderly adults with GH deficiency. Horm Res 60:105-111, 2003
- ↑ Gower BA, Nyman L: Associations among oral estrogen use, free testosterone concentration, and lean body mass among postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4476-4480, 200
- ↑ Wicherts IS, van Schoor NM, Boeke AJ, et al: Vitamin D status predicts physical performance and its decline in older persons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2058-2065, 200
- ↑ Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P: Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5766-5772, 200
- ↑ Beneka A, Malliou P, Fatouros I, et al: Resistance training effects on muscular strength of elderly are related to intensity and gender. J Sci Med Sport 8:274-283, 2005
- ↑ Henwood TR, Riek S, Taaffe DR: Strength versus muscle power-specific resistance training in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63:83-91, 2008
- ↑ Taaffe DR, Duret C, Wheeler S, et al: Once-weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:1208-1214, 1999
- ↑ Beyer N, Simonsen L, Bulow J, et al: Old women with a recent fall history show improved muscle strength and function sustained for six months after finishing training. Aging Clin Exp Res 19:300-309, 2007
- ↑ Beyer N, Simonsen L, Bulow J, et al: Old women with a recent fall history show improved muscle strength and function sustained for six months after finishing training. Aging Clin Exp Res 19:300-309, 2007
- ↑ Harridge SD, Kryger A, Stensgaard A: Knee extensor strength, activation, and size in very elderly people following strength training. Muscle Nerve 22:831-839, 1999
- ↑ Hauer K, Specht N, Schuler M, et al: Intensive physical training in geriatric patients after severe falls and hip surgery. Age Ageing 31:49-57, 2002
- ↑ Suetta C, Magnusson SP, Rosted A, et al: Resistance training in the early postoperative phase reduces hospitalization and leads to muscle hypertrophy in elderly hip surgery patients—a controlled, randomized study. J Am Geriatr Soc 52:2016-2022, 2004
- ↑ Sullivan DH, Roberson PK, Johnson LE, et al: Effects of muscle strength training and testosterone in frail elderly males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:1664-1672, 2005