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| == Introduction ==
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| The kinetic chain is an engineering concept used to describe human movement. It is used in a wide spectrum of clinical conditions, including musculoskeletal conditions, sports medicine neuro-rehabilitation as well as prosthetics and orthotics. <ref name="6">Karandikar N, Vargas OO. Kinetic chains: a review of the concept and its clinical applications. PM&R. 2011 Aug 31;3(8):739-45.</ref>
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| The concept was introduced by Franz Reuleaux , a mechanical engineer, in 1875. He proposed that “rigid, overlapping segments were connected via joints and this created a system whereby movement at one joint produced or affected movement at another joint in the kinetic link. <ref name="9">1. Ellenbecker TS, Davies GJ. Closed kinetic chain exercise: a comprehensive guide to multiple joint exercise. Human Kinetics; 2001. Accessed May 2016 (https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8iza_h84kBYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Ellenbecker,+T.S.,+Davies,+G.J.+Closed+Kinetic+Chain+Exercise:+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Multiple+Joint+Exercise.+Human+Kinetics,+Champaign,+IL%3B+2001.&ots=mPFq7zYwLb&sig=wUKRQLcE36c8WvWWbpGfiCZnym0#v=onepage&q&f=false)fckLRfckLRIn 1995, Dr. Arthur Steindler adapted Reuleaux’s theory and included the analysis of human movement, sport-specific activity patterns and exercise. He suggested that the extremities should rather be thought of as rigid, overlapping segments in series and he defined the kinetic chain as a “combination of several successively arranged joints constituting a complex motor unit.” This series, or chains can be open or closed.&nbsp;<ref name="9" /><br> fckLRfckLR== Open Kinetic Chain ==fckLRfckLRSteindler defined an open kinetic chain as “a combination of successively arranged joints in which the terminal segments can move freely”. Thus the distal segment of the extremity is free to move in space. Examples of this are when you wave your hand, moving the foot during the swing phase of gait or doing a seated knee-extension.&nbsp;<ref name="9" /> fckLRfckLR=== Characteristics of open kinetic chain exercises:&nbsp; <ref name="9" /><br> ===fckLRfckLR#Open kinetic chain exercises are typically characterized by a rotary stress pattern at the joint. For example when doing a seated knee-extension the primary stress to the joint is rotation of the proximal tibia on the distal femur even though other accessory movements like rolling and translation occur. fckLR#Open kinetic chain movements occur on one primary axis. During the seated knee-extension exercise the motion primarily occurs in the sagittal plane. fckLR#The number of simultaneously moving segments. “One segment of the joint (i.e. femur in the knee extension) remains stationary during the knee-extension exercise, while the other segment that forms the joint (i.e. tibia) is mobile. This adds control to the exercise because of the stability of the stationary segment (i.e. femur). fckLR#Allow more isolated muscle activation because less muscle co-contraction is used to do the movement.<br> fckLRfckLR== Closed Kinetic Chain ==fckLRfckLRSteindler’s definition of a closed kinetic chain exercises is a condition where the distal segment meets “considerable” external resistance that prohibits free movement. (Thus it is a system where neither the proximal nor the distal segments can move.) Movement at one segment in the closed kinetic chain produces movement at all the other joints in a predictable manner. For example, during a squat, the movement at the knee joint accompanies movement at the hip and ankle joints.<ref name="9" />&nbsp;<ref name="4" /> fckLRfckLRIn Steindler’s initial definition he did not qualify the term “considerable” and this let to confusion and controversy and thus true closed kinetic chain movement patterns never occur in the extremities except in isometric exercises where no movement occur.&nbsp;<ref name="9" /><ref name="4" /> fckLRfckLRBut in clinical practice the definition of closed kinetic chain is when “resistance is placed through the distal aspect of the extremity and remains fixed to the extremity”. The best example of this is the standing squat because the feet remain fixed to the ground and the surface produces considerable resistance, in response to the athlete’s body weight or added weight.&nbsp;<ref name="9" /> fckLRfckLR=== Characteristics of closed kinetic chain exercises:&nbsp;<ref name="9" /> ===fckLRfckLRUsing the standing squat as an example -<br>fckLRfckLR#Linear stress pattern is produced at the tibiofemoral joint due to axial joint loading. fckLR#Movement occurs at multiple joints and multiple-joint axes at the hip, knee, ankle (talocrural), and subtalar joints. fckLR#Simultaneous movement of both segments fckLR#Because of the simultaneous segmental movement and increase in muscular co-contraction is needed to stabilize and control the movements across the joints in the closed kinetic chain.fckLRfckLR<br> fckLRfckLR== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed]) ==fckLR<div class="researchbox">fckLR<rss>Feed goes here!!|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</rss> fckLR</div> fckLR== References ==fckLRfckLRReferences will automatically be added here, see [[Adding References|adding references tutorial]]. fckLRfckLR<references /></ref>
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