Figure of Eight Method of Measuring Ankle Joint Swelling: Difference between revisions
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== Purpose == | == Purpose == | ||
The purpose of this [[ | The purpose of this [[Oedema Assessment|assessment technique]] is to evaluate ankle size and [[Ankle Joint|ankle joint]] swelling (edema). | ||
The method of measuring joint swelling in a figure of 8 has the following advantages: | The method of measuring joint swelling in a figure of 8 has the following advantages: | ||
# Being readily reproducible | # Being readily reproducible; | ||
# Measuring swelling at the various sites of [[Ankle Sprain|ankle sprains | # Measuring swelling at the various sites of [[Ankle Sprain|ankle sprains;]] | ||
# Requires only a tape measure and marking pen, and | # Requires only a tape measure and marking pen, and | ||
# Feasible in a clinical setting, time-efficient, cost-effective, and easy to carry out.<ref name=":0">Watson CP, Boland RA, Refshauge KM. [http://faoj.org/2008/12/01/measurement-reliability-of-swelling-in-the-acute-ankle-sprain/ Measurement reliability of swelling in the acute ankle sprain.] The Foot & Ankle Journal. 2008;1(12):4.</ref><ref>Esterson PS. [https://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.1979.1.1.51 Measurement of ankle joint swelling using a figure of 8.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1979 Jul 1;1(1):51-2.</ref><br> | # Feasible in a clinical setting, time-efficient, cost-effective, and easy to carry out.<ref name=":0">Watson CP, Boland RA, Refshauge KM. [http://faoj.org/2008/12/01/measurement-reliability-of-swelling-in-the-acute-ankle-sprain/ Measurement reliability of swelling in the acute ankle sprain.] The Foot & Ankle Journal. 2008;1(12):4.</ref><ref>Esterson PS. [https://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.1979.1.1.51 Measurement of ankle joint swelling using a figure of 8.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1979 Jul 1;1(1):51-2.</ref><br> | ||
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== Technique == | == Technique == | ||
=== Equipment needed | === Equipment needed === | ||
A retractable one-quarter inch wide | A retractable one-quarter inch wide plastic tape measure and a marking pen.<ref>Tatro-Adams D, McGann SF, Carbone W. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8535474/ Reliability of the figure-of-eight method of ankle measurement]. / Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995;22:161-163.</ref>. | ||
=== Patient position | === Patient position === | ||
Patients were positioned in long-sitting on a bed with the testing foot resting over the end.<ref name=":0" /> The [[knee]] may be slightly flexed over a bolster to allow for ease of measurement if needed. The ankle should ultimately be maintained in a position of neutral dorsiflexion. | Patients were positioned in long-sitting on a bed with the testing foot resting over the end.<ref name=":0" /> The [[knee]] may be slightly flexed over a bolster to allow for ease of measurement if needed. The ankle should ultimately be maintained in a position of neutral dorsiflexion. | ||
=== Therapist position | === Therapist position === | ||
At the end of the bed. | At the end of the bed. | ||
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It is necessary to ensure that there was no indentation of soft tissue during measurement.<ref name=":0" /><br> | It is necessary to ensure that there was no indentation of soft tissue during measurement.<ref name=":0" /><br> | ||
{{#ev:youtube|cG-A3PbS5ow|400}}<ref> Figure-8 Measurement (CR). Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cG-A3PbS5ow [last accessed 28/2/2021]</ref> | |||
== Evidence == | == Evidence == | ||
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The figure of eight measurement has also demonstrated criterion-related validity when compared to foot volumetry<ref>Mawdsley R, Hoy D, Erwin P. [https://www.jospt.org/doi/abs/10.2519/jospt.2000.30.3.149 Criterion-related validity of the figure-of-eight method of measuring ankle edema.] J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;30:148 –153.</ref>. The figure of eight method of measuring ankle joint swelling can be considered both valid and reliable. | The figure of eight measurement has also demonstrated criterion-related validity when compared to foot volumetry<ref>Mawdsley R, Hoy D, Erwin P. [https://www.jospt.org/doi/abs/10.2519/jospt.2000.30.3.149 Criterion-related validity of the figure-of-eight method of measuring ankle edema.] J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;30:148 –153.</ref>. The figure of eight method of measuring ankle joint swelling can be considered both valid and reliable. | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
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[[Category:Sports Medicine]] | [[Category:Sports Medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Athlete Assessment]] | [[Category:Athlete Assessment]] | ||
[[Category:Ankle - Special Tests]] | |||
Latest revision as of 11:45, 3 August 2022
Original Editor - Christopher Eberley
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Purpose[edit | edit source]
The purpose of this assessment technique is to evaluate ankle size and ankle joint swelling (edema).
The method of measuring joint swelling in a figure of 8 has the following advantages:
- Being readily reproducible;
- Measuring swelling at the various sites of ankle sprains;
- Requires only a tape measure and marking pen, and
- Feasible in a clinical setting, time-efficient, cost-effective, and easy to carry out.[1][2]
Technique[edit | edit source]
Equipment needed[edit | edit source]
A retractable one-quarter inch wide plastic tape measure and a marking pen.[3].
Patient position[edit | edit source]
Patients were positioned in long-sitting on a bed with the testing foot resting over the end.[1] The knee may be slightly flexed over a bolster to allow for ease of measurement if needed. The ankle should ultimately be maintained in a position of neutral dorsiflexion.
Therapist position[edit | edit source]
At the end of the bed.
Once the patient has assumed their position on the plinth, the following standardized landmarks were marked with a pen prior to measurement:
a) the point midway over the anterior ankle between the tibialis anterior tendon and lateral malleolus,
b) the navicular tuberosity,
c) the base of the fifth metatarsal, and
d) the inferior tip of the medial malleolus.[1]
The therapist placed the zero-point over the mark on the anterior aspect of the ankle and pulled the tape medially over the navicular tuberosity, and then infero-laterally across the medial arch to the proximal aspect of the base of the fifth metatarsal. The tape was then pulled superiorly and medially over the tarsal bones across the inferior aspect of the medial malleolus, and posterolaterally around the Achilles tendon over the distal lateral malleolus to finish at the zero point. At last, the measurement is recorded.
It is necessary to ensure that there was no indentation of soft tissue during measurement.[1]
Evidence[edit | edit source]
In the laboratory,
- Intrarater and interrater reliability ranged from 0.98 to 0.99 (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC]) for asymptomatic and swollen ankles.
- Highly corelates (r>0.88) with the water displacement method for both injured and uninjured ankles,
In the clinical setting,
- Intrarater reliability was very high for the figure of eight with (Intraclass correlations coefficients [ICC] = 0.99).
- Inter-rater reliability was also very high (ICC > 0.99).
- The standard error of measurement (SEM) was small for all measurements: ±0.2cm for the figure of eight method.[1]
The figure of eight measurement has also demonstrated criterion-related validity when compared to foot volumetry[5]. The figure of eight method of measuring ankle joint swelling can be considered both valid and reliable.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Watson CP, Boland RA, Refshauge KM. Measurement reliability of swelling in the acute ankle sprain. The Foot & Ankle Journal. 2008;1(12):4.
- ↑ Esterson PS. Measurement of ankle joint swelling using a figure of 8. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1979 Jul 1;1(1):51-2.
- ↑ Tatro-Adams D, McGann SF, Carbone W. Reliability of the figure-of-eight method of ankle measurement. / Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995;22:161-163.
- ↑ Figure-8 Measurement (CR). Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cG-A3PbS5ow [last accessed 28/2/2021]
- ↑ Mawdsley R, Hoy D, Erwin P. Criterion-related validity of the figure-of-eight method of measuring ankle edema. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;30:148 –153.
