Facial Grading System: Difference between revisions
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'''Lead Editors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} | '''Lead Editors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} | ||
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
The Facial Grading System [FGS] is also known as the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System as it was devised and established at the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto. The clinicians who developed the FGS intended to create a measure | The Facial Grading System [FGS] is also known as the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System as it was devised and established at the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto. The clinicians who developed the FGS intended to create a measure that provided a quantitative score for reporting purposes, which would be sensitive enough to detect clinically important change over time or with treatment.<ref name=":0">Ross BG, Fradet G, Nedzelski JM. Development of a sensitive clinical facial grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996:114(3):380-6. | ||
Development of a sensitive clinical facial grading system | </ref> | ||
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996 | |||
</ref> | |||
== Objective == | == Objective == | ||
The | The FGS is a tool used in the clinical evaluation of [[Facial Nerve|facial nerve]] function. It scores range of movement of the facial muscles as a percentage - full range movement is scored as 100 percent. It is easy for the clinician to compare range of movement on the affected side of the face to the unaffected side. | ||
== Intended Population == | == Intended Population == | ||
The FGS is intended for use on people with [[Facial Palsy]] irrespective of the cause of the facial palsy or weakness. | The FGS is intended for use on people with [[Facial Palsy|facial palsy]] irrespective of the cause of the facial palsy or weakness. | ||
== Method of Use == | == Method of Use == | ||
The FGS comprises | The FGS comprises three areas of evaluation<ref name=":0" />: | ||
# Evaluation of resting symmetry | # Evaluation of resting symmetry | ||
# Degree of voluntary excursion of facial muscles | # Degree of voluntary excursion of facial muscles | ||
# Degree of synkinesis associated with specific voluntary movement | # Degree of [[synkinesis]] associated with specific voluntary movement | ||
The regions of the face are evaluated separately, with the use of | The regions of the face are evaluated separately, with the use of five standard expressions: | ||
* | * Eyebrow raise | ||
* | * Eye closure | ||
* | * Open mouth smile | ||
* | * Lip pucker | ||
* | * Snarl / show teeth | ||
All the above items are evaluated on point scales | All the above items are evaluated on point scales and a cumulative composite score is calculated. | ||
== Reliability == | == Reliability == | ||
Studies have | Studies have found the FGS to have good intra- and inter-rater reliability.<ref>Neely JG, Cherian NG, Dickerson CB, Nedzelski JM. Sunnybrook facial grading system: reliability and criteria for grading. Laryngoscope. 2010;120(5):1038-45. | ||
Sunnybrook facial grading system: reliability and criteria for grading. | </ref><ref name=":1">Hu WL, Ross B, Nedzelski J. Reliability of the Sunnybrook Facaial Grading System by novice users. J Otolaryngol. 2001;30(4):208-11. | ||
Laryngoscope. 2010 | </ref><ref>Kanerva M, Poussa T, Pitkaranta A. Sunnybrook and House-Brackman Facial Grading Systems: intrater repeatability and interrater agreement. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;135(6):865-71. | ||
</ref><ref name=":1">Hu WL, Ross B, Nedzelski J. | </ref> | ||
Reliability of the Sunnybrook Facaial Grading System by novice users. | |||
J Otolaryngol. 2001 | |||
</ref><ref>Kanerva M, Poussa T, Pitkaranta A. | |||
Sunnybrook and House-Brackman Facial Grading Systems: intrater repeatability and interrater agreement. | |||
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006 | |||
</ref> | |||
One study | One study concluded: "The intrarater reliability coefficients for the raters ranged from .838 to .929 ... The FGS is as reliable when applied by novice users as by expert users."<ref name=":1" /> | ||
== Comparison to | == Comparison to Other Facial Nerve Grading Instruments == | ||
One comprehensive 2015 study<ref>Fattah AY, | One comprehensive 2015 study examined a large number of grading instruments of facial nerve function, scoring each system against the following criteria:<ref name=":2">Fattah AY, Gurusinghe ADR, Gavilan J, Hadlock TA, Marcus JR, Marres H et al. Facial nerve grading instruments: systematic review of the literature and suggestion for uniformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135(2):569-79. | ||
Facial nerve grading instruments: systematic review of the literature and suggestion for uniformity. | </ref> | ||
Plast Reconstr Surg. | * Convenience of clinical use | ||
</ref> | * Regional scoring | ||
* | * Static and dynamic measures | ||
* | * Features secondary to facial palsy (e.g. synkinesis) | ||
* | * Reproducibility with low inter-observer and intra-observer variability | ||
* | * Sensitivity to changes over time and / or following intervention | ||
* | The authors concluded that they "'''recommend widespread adoption of the Sunnybrook Facial Grading Scale''' as the current standard in reporting outcomes of facial nerve disorders."<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* | |||
The authors concluded that they "'''recommend widespread adoption of the Sunnybrook Facial Grading Scale''' as the current standard in reporting outcomes of facial nerve disorders." | A prospective follow-up study comparing patient-reported facial and psychosocial function ([[Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) Scale|FaCE scale]] and [[Facial Disability Index]] outcome measures) with physician-graded facial function (Sunnybrook and House-Brackmann grading) in the early and follow-up stages in Bell’s palsy patients showed low to fair correlation between FaCE/FDI and Sunnybrook score in early stages. This suggests that quality of life (QOL) designs are less suited for the acute stage. Higher correlations at follow-ups suggest that it is more beneficial to use questionnaires for QOL evaluation in later phases.<ref>Bylund N, Hultcrantz M, Jonsson L, Marsk E. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341715789_Quality_of_Life_in_Bell's_Palsy_Correlation_with_Sunnybrook_and_House-Brackmann_Over_Time Quality of Life in Bell's Palsy: Correlation with Sunnybrook and House‐Brackmann Over Time.] The Laryngoscope. 2021 Feb;131(2):E612-8.</ref> | ||
== Usefulness in Physiotherapy for Facial Palsy == | == Usefulness in Physiotherapy for Facial Palsy == | ||
The FGS is extremely useful for measuring improvements made in physiotherapy/facial rehabilitation. Its sensitivity means that even small changes in range of movement will be recognised, | The FGS is extremely useful for measuring improvements made in physiotherapy / facial rehabilitation. Its sensitivity means that even small changes in range of movement will be recognised. Moreover, the synkinesis section enables an increased score even when there is no increase in range of movement, provided that synkinesis is reduced. | ||
These factors mean that the FGS can be used on a regular basis to quantify progress made in therapy, providing useful feedback to the patient of the gains made, and helping with motivation. | These factors mean that the FGS can be used on a regular basis to quantify progress made in therapy, providing useful feedback to the patient of the gains made, and helping with motivation. | ||
It is for these reasons that many physiotherapists working with facial palsy use the FGS in preference to the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/House%E2%80%93Brackmann_Scale House-Brackmann] | It is for these reasons that many physiotherapists working with facial palsy use the FGS in preference to the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/House%E2%80%93Brackmann_Scale House-Brackmann Scale]. | ||
== References == | |||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
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[[Category:Assessment]] | [[Category:Assessment]] | ||
[[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]] | [[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:54, 15 December 2022
Original Editor - Wendy Walker
Lead Editors - Wendy Walker, Jess Bell, Vidya Acharya, Kim Jackson and Rishika Babburu
Introduction[edit | edit source]
The Facial Grading System [FGS] is also known as the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System as it was devised and established at the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto. The clinicians who developed the FGS intended to create a measure that provided a quantitative score for reporting purposes, which would be sensitive enough to detect clinically important change over time or with treatment.[1]
Objective[edit | edit source]
The FGS is a tool used in the clinical evaluation of facial nerve function. It scores range of movement of the facial muscles as a percentage - full range movement is scored as 100 percent. It is easy for the clinician to compare range of movement on the affected side of the face to the unaffected side.
Intended Population[edit | edit source]
The FGS is intended for use on people with facial palsy irrespective of the cause of the facial palsy or weakness.
Method of Use[edit | edit source]
The FGS comprises three areas of evaluation[1]:
- Evaluation of resting symmetry
- Degree of voluntary excursion of facial muscles
- Degree of synkinesis associated with specific voluntary movement
The regions of the face are evaluated separately, with the use of five standard expressions:
- Eyebrow raise
- Eye closure
- Open mouth smile
- Lip pucker
- Snarl / show teeth
All the above items are evaluated on point scales and a cumulative composite score is calculated.
Reliability[edit | edit source]
Studies have found the FGS to have good intra- and inter-rater reliability.[2][3][4]
One study concluded: "The intrarater reliability coefficients for the raters ranged from .838 to .929 ... The FGS is as reliable when applied by novice users as by expert users."[3]
Comparison to Other Facial Nerve Grading Instruments[edit | edit source]
One comprehensive 2015 study examined a large number of grading instruments of facial nerve function, scoring each system against the following criteria:[5]
- Convenience of clinical use
- Regional scoring
- Static and dynamic measures
- Features secondary to facial palsy (e.g. synkinesis)
- Reproducibility with low inter-observer and intra-observer variability
- Sensitivity to changes over time and / or following intervention
The authors concluded that they "recommend widespread adoption of the Sunnybrook Facial Grading Scale as the current standard in reporting outcomes of facial nerve disorders."[5]
A prospective follow-up study comparing patient-reported facial and psychosocial function (FaCE scale and Facial Disability Index outcome measures) with physician-graded facial function (Sunnybrook and House-Brackmann grading) in the early and follow-up stages in Bell’s palsy patients showed low to fair correlation between FaCE/FDI and Sunnybrook score in early stages. This suggests that quality of life (QOL) designs are less suited for the acute stage. Higher correlations at follow-ups suggest that it is more beneficial to use questionnaires for QOL evaluation in later phases.[6]
Usefulness in Physiotherapy for Facial Palsy[edit | edit source]
The FGS is extremely useful for measuring improvements made in physiotherapy / facial rehabilitation. Its sensitivity means that even small changes in range of movement will be recognised. Moreover, the synkinesis section enables an increased score even when there is no increase in range of movement, provided that synkinesis is reduced.
These factors mean that the FGS can be used on a regular basis to quantify progress made in therapy, providing useful feedback to the patient of the gains made, and helping with motivation.
It is for these reasons that many physiotherapists working with facial palsy use the FGS in preference to the House-Brackmann Scale.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ross BG, Fradet G, Nedzelski JM. Development of a sensitive clinical facial grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996:114(3):380-6.
- ↑ Neely JG, Cherian NG, Dickerson CB, Nedzelski JM. Sunnybrook facial grading system: reliability and criteria for grading. Laryngoscope. 2010;120(5):1038-45.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hu WL, Ross B, Nedzelski J. Reliability of the Sunnybrook Facaial Grading System by novice users. J Otolaryngol. 2001;30(4):208-11.
- ↑ Kanerva M, Poussa T, Pitkaranta A. Sunnybrook and House-Brackman Facial Grading Systems: intrater repeatability and interrater agreement. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;135(6):865-71.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Fattah AY, Gurusinghe ADR, Gavilan J, Hadlock TA, Marcus JR, Marres H et al. Facial nerve grading instruments: systematic review of the literature and suggestion for uniformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135(2):569-79.
- ↑ Bylund N, Hultcrantz M, Jonsson L, Marsk E. Quality of Life in Bell's Palsy: Correlation with Sunnybrook and House‐Brackmann Over Time. The Laryngoscope. 2021 Feb;131(2):E612-8.
