Exercise Physiology

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Introduction

Exercise training puts demands on human physiological systems, in order to maintain homeostasis.
While exercising homeostasis is endangered by: the increased amount of O2 and nutrients demand; the need to get rid of CO2 and metabolic waste products; rising body temperature; acid imbalance, and by varying hormone levels.

Acute Adaptations to Exercise

Cardiovascular Responses

All the cardiovascular system components, heart, blood vessels and blood, are involved in the immediate response of the cardiovascular system to physical stress. During exercise, the cardiovascular response is largely direclyt proportional to the oxygen consumption of skeletal muscles.

Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output (Q) is defined as the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart per minute. It is expressed as litres/minute.
It is the product of heart rate (HR) X stroke volume (SV).

A person`s maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is the cardiac output (Q) X arteriovenous oxygen difference (A-VO2).

The arteriovenous difference is a measure for the oxygen intake from the blood as it passes the body, e.g. activated muscle cells. The unit is millimetres oxygen per 100 mL of blood. At rest the value is on average about 4-5 mL/100mL of blood and can raise progressively during an exercise up to 16 mL/100mL of blood (4).
Cardiac output multiplied with A-VO2 difference form the maximum oxygen uptake capacity (VO2max) of an individual.

With a stepping working rate, the cardiac output increases in a nearly linear fashion in order to meet the increasing oxygen demand.

Cardiac output is measured by echocardiography.

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