Effects of Ageing on Bone: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Osteoprosis of Spine.jpg|thumb|Osteoprosis of Spine]]The effects of bone structure changes may bring about: | [[File:Osteoprosis of Spine.jpg|thumb|Osteoprosis of Spine]]The effects of bone structure changes may bring about: | ||
* Osteoporosis: a major cause of [[Hip Fracture|hip fractures]] in the elderly, a type of insufficiency fracture | * Osteoporosis: a major cause of [[Femoral Neck Hip Fracture|hip fractures]] in the elderly, a type of insufficiency fracture | ||
* [[Lumbar Compression Fracture|Spinal Compression Fracture]]: Most occur at the thoracolumbar junction. 40% of the women over 80 years have received at least one compression fracture.<ref>Lumbar Compression [[Lumbar Compression Fracture|Fracture]]</ref>See also [[Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures]] | * [[Lumbar Compression Fracture|Spinal Compression Fracture]]: Most occur at the thoracolumbar junction. 40% of the women over 80 years have received at least one compression fracture.<ref>Lumbar Compression [[Lumbar Compression Fracture|Fracture]]</ref>See also [[Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures]] | ||
* <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Reduced bone density of the [[Thoracic Vertebrae|vertebrae]]: Combined with the loss of fluid in [[Biomechanics of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation|intervertebral discs]], result in a curved and shortened spine and possible</span> [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|poor posture]], leads to pain, reduced mobility, and other musculoskeletal problems.<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004015.htm</ref><ref>https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004015.htm</ref> | * <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Reduced bone density of the [[Thoracic Vertebrae|vertebrae]]: Combined with the loss of fluid in [[Biomechanics of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation|intervertebral discs]], result in a curved and shortened spine and possible</span> [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|poor posture]], leads to pain, reduced mobility, and other musculoskeletal problems.<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004015.htm</ref><ref>https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004015.htm</ref> | ||
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=== Prevention === | === Prevention === | ||
[[File:Gym ladies.jpeg|thumb|Ladies gym]] | [[File:Gym ladies.jpeg|thumb|Ladies gym]] | ||
For more see the informative on prevention, management and physiotherapy for | For more see the informative on prevention, management and physiotherapy for see [[Osteoporosis]] | ||
# [[Therapeutic Exercise|Exercise]]: (See also [[Age and Exercise]]) Ageing is associated with reduced physical activity and mechanical loading. Decreased mechanical loading exerts a decreased effect upon osteoblasts. Functional loading has been shown to improve bone mass in humans. However exercise training programs can prevent or reverse almost 1% of bone loss per year in both lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.<ref name=":1" /> It is important exercise to preserve bone density, however care must be taken to avoid high-impact exercises and exercises that present the risk of falling. Functional loading exercises include: Weight-bearing exercises e.g. [[Walking: Muscles used|walking]]; [[Strength Training|Strengthening exercises]] using free weights, elastic bands, [[Dumbbell Exercise|dumbbells]] etc.; [[Balance]] exercises e.g. [[Tai Chi and the Older Person|tai chi]] | # [[Therapeutic Exercise|Exercise]]: (See also [[Age and Exercise]]) Ageing is associated with reduced physical activity and mechanical loading. Decreased mechanical loading exerts a decreased effect upon osteoblasts. Functional loading has been shown to improve bone mass in humans. However exercise training programs can prevent or reverse almost 1% of bone loss per year in both lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.<ref name=":1" /> It is important exercise to preserve bone density, however care must be taken to avoid high-impact exercises and exercises that present the risk of falling. Functional loading exercises include: Weight-bearing exercises e.g. [[Walking: Muscles used|walking]]; [[Strength Training|Strengthening exercises]] using free weights, elastic bands, [[Dumbbell Exercise|dumbbells]] etc.; [[Balance]] exercises e.g. [[Tai Chi and the Older Person|tai chi]] | ||
Latest revision as of 12:04, 19 December 2022
Original Editor Oyemi Sillo
Top Contributors - Lucinda hampton, Esraa Mohamed Abdullzaher, Oyemi Sillo, Andeela Hafeez, Tolulope Adeniji, Kim Jackson, Lauren Lopez, Jasrah Javed, Tony Lowe, Scott Buxton and WikiSysopIntroduction[edit | edit source]
As a result of the ageing process, bone deteriorates in composition, structure and function, which predisposes to osteoporosis. Bone is a dynamic organ that serves mechanical and homeostatic functions. It undergoes a continual self-regeneration process called remodelling ie removing old bone and replacing it with new bone. Bone formation and bone resorption is coupled tightly in a balance to maintain bone mass and strength. With aging this balance moves in a negative direction, resulting in greater bone resorption than bone formation. This combination of bone mass deficiency and reduction in strength ultimately results in osteoporosis and insufficiency fractures.[1]
Ageing Bone Dynamics[edit | edit source]
As people age the rate of bone resorption by osteoclast cells (multinucleated cells which contain mitochondria and lysosomes that is responsible for bone resorption) exceeds the rate of bone formation so bone weaken.[2] The reasons for this are multi factorial, including:.
Non-Modifiable Risk Factor
- Genetics eg family history of osteoporosis
- Peak bone mass accrual in youth
- Alterations in cellular components
- Older than 50 years of age
- Comorbid medical conditions eg Hyperthyroidism, Hyperparathyroidism
- Premature birth
- Hormonal, biochemical and vasculature status eg low levels of estrogen
- Sarcopenia
- Seizure disorder[3]
Modifiable Risk Factor
- Nutrition eg Calcium intake of less than 1200 mg/day, Insufficient protein intake, Inadequate Vitamin D intake, BMI <18.5,
- Physical activity,
- Drugs eg Excessive intake of alcohol, Cigarette smoking[3][1]
Adverse Effects[edit | edit source]
The effects of bone structure changes may bring about:
- Osteoporosis: a major cause of hip fractures in the elderly, a type of insufficiency fracture
- Spinal Compression Fracture: Most occur at the thoracolumbar junction. 40% of the women over 80 years have received at least one compression fracture.[4]See also Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures
- Reduced bone density of the vertebrae: Combined with the loss of fluid in intervertebral discs, result in a curved and shortened spine and possible poor posture, leads to pain, reduced mobility, and other musculoskeletal problems.[5][6]
Prevention[edit | edit source]
For more see the informative on prevention, management and physiotherapy for see Osteoporosis
- Exercise: (See also Age and Exercise) Ageing is associated with reduced physical activity and mechanical loading. Decreased mechanical loading exerts a decreased effect upon osteoblasts. Functional loading has been shown to improve bone mass in humans. However exercise training programs can prevent or reverse almost 1% of bone loss per year in both lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.[1] It is important exercise to preserve bone density, however care must be taken to avoid high-impact exercises and exercises that present the risk of falling. Functional loading exercises include: Weight-bearing exercises e.g. walking; Strengthening exercises using free weights, elastic bands, dumbbells etc.; Balance exercises e.g. tai chi
- Diet: A healthy diet, including adequate dosage of Vitamin D and Calcium, is also useful for preserving bone mass. And it is important to limit coffee, alcohol and tobacco consumption as they may have deleterious effect on bone mineral density[7][8].
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Demontiero O, Vidal C, Duque G. Aging and bone loss: new insights for the clinician. Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease. 2012 Apr;4(2):61-76. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3383520/ (accessed 2.12.2022)
- ↑ https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-b-development-and-aging-of-the-organ-systems-1417/bone-development-1497/bone-tissue-and-the-effects-of-aging-1500-11222/
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Andrew A, Rita A, Dale A. Geriatric Physical Therapy. Third Edition. Elsevier Mosby. 2012
- ↑ Lumbar Compression Fracture
- ↑ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004015.htm
- ↑ https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004015.htm
- ↑ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000360.htm
- ↑ Coronado-Zarco R, de León AO, García-Lara A, Quinzaños-Fresnedo J, Nava-Bringas TI, Macías-Hernández SI. Nonpharmacological interventions for osteoporosis treatment: Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia. 2019 Sep 1;5(3):69-77.
