Deep Friction Massage: Difference between revisions
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== Description == | == Description == | ||
[[File:Friction massage for supraspinatus tendinitis.png|thumb|Deep Friction Massage]] | |||
Deep friction massage (DFM), also known as cross friction massage, is a specific connective tissue massage that was developed by James Cyriax.<ref name="Cyriax book">Cyriax J. Textbook of orthopaedic medicine. 11th ed. London: Bailliere Tindall:1984</ref> The purpose of DFM is to: maintain the mobility within the soft tissue structures of [[ligament]], [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]], and [[muscle]], and prevent adherent scars from forming. The massage is deep, as the name implies, and must be applied transversely to the specific tissue involved unlike the superficial [[massage]] given in the longitudinal direction parallel to the vessels which enhances circulation and return of fluids. Before DFM can be performed successfully, the correct structure must be found through proper evaluation procedures. The distinction must be made between contractile structures such as the muscle belly, musculotendinous junction, tendon, and tendon-periosteal junction and non-contractile structures such as the joint capsule, bursae, [[fascia]], and ligament. <ref>Stasinopoulos D, Johnson MI. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.013573 Cyriax physiotherapy for tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis.] Br J Sports Med. 2004 Dec;38(6):675-7.</ref><br> | |||
In addition to finding the correct location, the massage must also be given the most effective way by following these basic principles: | |||
In addition to finding the | |||
#The proper location must be found through proper evaluation procedures and palpation of the specific tendon, ligament, or muscle. | #The proper location must be found through proper evaluation procedures and palpation of the specific tendon, ligament, or muscle. | ||
#Friction massage must be given across the affected fibers. The thicker and stronger a normal structure, the more important friction is given strictly across the grain. | #Friction massage must be given across the affected fibers. The thicker and stronger a normal structure, the more important friction is given strictly across the grain. | ||
#The therapist's fingers and patient's skin must move as one, otherwise moving subcutaneous fascia against muscle or ligament could lead to blister formation or subcutaneous bruising. | #The therapist's fingers and patient's skin must move as one, otherwise moving subcutaneous fascia against muscle or ligament could lead to blister formation or subcutaneous bruising. | ||
#The friction massage must have sufficient sweep and be deep enough. | #The friction massage must have sufficient sweep and be deep enough. | ||
#The patient must be in a comfortable position.<ref> | #The patient must be in a comfortable position.<ref>Callaghan MJ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1332102/ The role of massage in the management of the athlete: a review]. Br J Sports Med. 1993 Mar;27(1):28-33.</ref> <br> <br> | ||
The frequency and duration of treatment varies with the severity and type of the injury. In a recent injury, i.e. ligament sprain, start daily with gentle massage to keep mobility. It is important for the therapist to distinguish between tenderness and pain. Tenderness can be due to deep | The frequency and duration of treatment varies with the severity and type of the injury. In a recent injury, i.e. [[Ligament Sprain|ligament sprain]], start daily with gentle massage to keep mobility. It is important for the therapist to distinguish between tenderness and pain. Tenderness can be due to deep tissue injury and can persist long after the pain disappears. Pain is elicited by clinical assessment and reassessment. Deep friction massage may be given every other day or when the excess tenderness has worn off. The duration of the treatment varies; for example, with an acute ligamentous injury, the gentle massage performed may last only 1-2 minutes. However, it may well take several minutes to be able to get your fingers on the structure depending on the severity of pain. With DFM, the treatment will last 10-15 minutes. | ||
Intensity of the pressure applied during DFM is important to effect pain relief. Mean pressure used by physiotherapists have been estimated to be 2.3kg/cm2, and the application of higher pressures have been shown to shorten the time to the onset of analgesia<ref>Chaves P, Simões D, Paço M, Pinho F, Duarte JA, Ribeiro F. [https://doi.org/10.3390/app10082705 Pressure Applied during Deep Friction Massage: Characterization and Relationship with Time of Onset of Analgesia.] Applied Sciences. 2020 Jan;10(8):2705.</ref>.<br> | Intensity of the pressure applied during DFM is important to effect pain relief. Mean pressure used by physiotherapists have been estimated to be 2.3kg/cm2, and the application of higher pressures have been shown to shorten the time to the onset of analgesia<ref>Chaves P, Simões D, Paço M, Pinho F, Duarte JA, Ribeiro F. [https://doi.org/10.3390/app10082705 Pressure Applied during Deep Friction Massage: Characterization and Relationship with Time of Onset of Analgesia.] Applied Sciences. 2020 Jan;10(8):2705.</ref>.<br> | ||
| Line 25: | Line 24: | ||
*'''Pain relief''' | *'''Pain relief''' | ||
**DFM is posited to cause analgesia via the gate control theory<ref>Rivenburgh DW. Physical modalities in the treatment of tendon injuries. | **DFM is posited to cause analgesia via the gate control theory<ref>Rivenburgh DW. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1638644/ Physical modalities in the treatment of tendon injuries.] Clin Sports Med. 1992 Jul;11(3):645-59.</ref> and the effect can last up to 24 hours.<ref name="Bruijn">De Bruijn R. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025944 Deep transverse friction: its analgesic effects]. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1984;5:35-36</ref> | ||
*'''Stimulation of fiber orientation in regenerating connective tissue''' | *'''Stimulation of fiber orientation in regenerating connective tissue''' | ||
**Transverse friction when applied in early repair cycle enhances remodeling and hence reorientation of the collagen fibers in a longitudinal manner.<ref name="Buckwalter">Buckwalter JA. The effects of early motion on healing of musculoskeletal tissues. Hand Clin. 1996;12(1):13-24</ref> | **Transverse friction when applied in early repair cycle enhances remodeling and hence reorientation of the collagen fibers in a longitudinal manner.<ref name="Buckwalter">Buckwalter JA. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0712(21)00281-X The effects of early motion on healing of musculoskeletal tissues]. Hand Clin. 1996;12(1):13-24</ref> | ||
*'''Prevention of adhesion formation''' | *'''Prevention of adhesion formation''' | ||
**As friction massage causes a transverse movement of the collagen fibers, it helps in preventing adhesion formation. In situations where adhesions are already formed a more intense friction can help to break them as well. In such cases friction is used to mobilize the scar tissue and break the cross linkages between the connective tissues and the surrounding structures.<ref name="Walker">Walker H. Deep transverse frictions in ligament healing. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1984;6(2):89-94</ref> | **As friction massage causes a transverse movement of the collagen fibers, it helps in preventing adhesion formation. In situations where adhesions are already formed a more intense friction can help to break them as well. In such cases friction is used to mobilize the scar tissue and break the cross linkages between the connective tissues and the surrounding structures.<ref name="Walker">Walker H. [https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.1984.6.2.89 Deep transverse frictions in ligament healing]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1984;6(2):89-94</ref> | ||
*'''Traumatic hyperaemia''' | *'''Traumatic hyperaemia''' | ||
**As it is a forceful and deep movement it effectively causes increased blood flow to the local area of application through vasodilatation. This assists in removal of chemical irritants and allows the transportation of endogenous opiates, thus causing pain relief. | **As it is a forceful and deep movement it effectively causes increased blood flow to the local area of application through vasodilatation. This assists in removal of chemical irritants and allows the transportation of endogenous opiates, thus causing pain relief. | ||
== | == Indication == | ||
Deep friction massage is widely known for its use in the treatment of tendinopathies. | Deep friction massage is widely known for its use in the treatment of tendinopathies. The research shows that the effectiveness of the intervention is demonstrated when used in combination with other forms of therapy<ref>Joseph MF, Taft K, Moskva M, Denegar CR. [https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.21.4.343 Deep Friction Massage to Treat Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review of a Classic Treatment in the Face of a New Paradigm of Understanding.] Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2012; 21 (4): 343-353</ref><ref>Ekici G, Özcan Ş, Öztürk BY, Öztürk B, Ekici B. [https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2020.0018 Effects of deep friction massage and dry needling therapy on night pain and shoulder internal rotation in subacromial pain syndrome: 1-year follow up of a randomised controlled trial]. International Journal of Therapy And Rehabilitation. 2021 Feb 2;28(2):1-2.</ref><ref>Moshrif A, Elwan M, Daifullah OS. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43166-020-00013-6 Deep friction massage versus local steroid injection for treatment of plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial.] Egyptian Rheumatology and Rehabilitation. 2020 Dec;47(1):1-5.</ref><ref>Yi R, Bratchenko WW, Tan V. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5755866/ Deep Friction Massage Versus Steroid Injection in the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis]. Hand (N Y). 2018 Jan;13(1):56-59.</ref>. | ||
== Contraindications == | == Contraindications == | ||
*Ossification and calcification of soft tissues | *Ossification and calcification of soft tissues | ||
*Rheumatoid tendinous lesions | *[[Rheumatoid Arthritis|Rheumatoid]] tendinous lesions | ||
*Ulcers, blisters or psoriasis | *Ulcers, blisters or psoriasis | ||
*Bacterial infections | *Bacterial infections | ||
*Large haematomas in the area | *Large haematomas in the area | ||
*[[Bursitis|Bursitis]] | *[[Bursitis|Bursitis]] | ||
*Local sepsis | *Local [[sepsis]] | ||
*Any local skin diseases<br> | *Any local skin diseases | ||
*Fragile or friable skin<br> | |||
== Key Evidence == | == Key Evidence == | ||
Although there is presently no definitive research relative to friction massage and connective tissue, there certainly have been many cases of patients treated by therapists with positive results. Additional rationale for using friction massage could well be the expansion of Stearn's connective tissue theory through the understanding of the anatomy, physiology, and repair process which exist. A discussion of relevant literature is presented so that a physiotherapist can achieve an understanding of connective tissue in order to effectively and appropriately use friction massage.<ref> | Although there is presently no definitive research relative to friction massage and connective tissue, there certainly have been many cases of patients treated by therapists with positive results. Additional rationale for using friction massage could well be the expansion of Stearn's connective tissue theory through the understanding of the anatomy, physiology, and repair process which exist. A discussion of relevant literature is presented so that a physiotherapist can achieve an understanding of connective tissue in order to effectively and appropriately use friction massage.<ref name=":0">Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Fernandez-Carnero J, Juan-Carlos MP. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2005.05.003 The immediate effect of ischemic compression technique and transverse friction massage on tenderness of active and latent myofascial trigger points: a pilot study.] Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 2006;10:3–9</ref><ref>Nagrale AV, Herd CR, Ganvir S, Ramteke G. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762836/ Cyriax physiotherapy versus phonophoresis with supervised exercise in subjects with lateral epicondylalgia: a randomized clinical trial.] J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(3):171-8.</ref> | ||
The use of movement in the treatment of soft tissue injuries to muscle, ligament, and tendon is based upon the work of Stearn. She observed the fibroblastic activity in the healing of connective tissue as well as possible scar formation, as related to the effect of movement. Her conclusions were that fibrils form almost immediately and that external factors were responsible for the development of an orderly arrangement of the fibrils. Cyriax and Russell contend that "gentle passive movements do not detach fibrils from their proper formation at the healing breach, but prevent their continued adherence at abnormal sites.<ref | The use of movement in the treatment of soft tissue injuries to muscle, ligament, and tendon is based upon the work of Stearn. She observed the fibroblastic activity in the healing of connective tissue as well as possible scar formation, as related to the effect of movement. Her conclusions were that fibrils form almost immediately and that external factors were responsible for the development of an orderly arrangement of the fibrils. Cyriax and Russell contend that "gentle passive movements do not detach fibrils from their proper formation at the healing breach, but prevent their continued adherence at abnormal sites.<ref name=":0" /><br> | ||
== Resources == | == Resources == | ||
Latest revision as of 17:24, 11 November 2021
Original Editor - Jonas Vangindertael
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Description[edit | edit source]
Deep friction massage (DFM), also known as cross friction massage, is a specific connective tissue massage that was developed by James Cyriax.[1] The purpose of DFM is to: maintain the mobility within the soft tissue structures of ligament, tendon, and muscle, and prevent adherent scars from forming. The massage is deep, as the name implies, and must be applied transversely to the specific tissue involved unlike the superficial massage given in the longitudinal direction parallel to the vessels which enhances circulation and return of fluids. Before DFM can be performed successfully, the correct structure must be found through proper evaluation procedures. The distinction must be made between contractile structures such as the muscle belly, musculotendinous junction, tendon, and tendon-periosteal junction and non-contractile structures such as the joint capsule, bursae, fascia, and ligament. [2]
In addition to finding the correct location, the massage must also be given the most effective way by following these basic principles:
- The proper location must be found through proper evaluation procedures and palpation of the specific tendon, ligament, or muscle.
- Friction massage must be given across the affected fibers. The thicker and stronger a normal structure, the more important friction is given strictly across the grain.
- The therapist's fingers and patient's skin must move as one, otherwise moving subcutaneous fascia against muscle or ligament could lead to blister formation or subcutaneous bruising.
- The friction massage must have sufficient sweep and be deep enough.
- The patient must be in a comfortable position.[3]
The frequency and duration of treatment varies with the severity and type of the injury. In a recent injury, i.e. ligament sprain, start daily with gentle massage to keep mobility. It is important for the therapist to distinguish between tenderness and pain. Tenderness can be due to deep tissue injury and can persist long after the pain disappears. Pain is elicited by clinical assessment and reassessment. Deep friction massage may be given every other day or when the excess tenderness has worn off. The duration of the treatment varies; for example, with an acute ligamentous injury, the gentle massage performed may last only 1-2 minutes. However, it may well take several minutes to be able to get your fingers on the structure depending on the severity of pain. With DFM, the treatment will last 10-15 minutes.
Intensity of the pressure applied during DFM is important to effect pain relief. Mean pressure used by physiotherapists have been estimated to be 2.3kg/cm2, and the application of higher pressures have been shown to shorten the time to the onset of analgesia[4].
Effects of Deep Friction Massage[edit | edit source]
- Pain relief
- Stimulation of fiber orientation in regenerating connective tissue
- Transverse friction when applied in early repair cycle enhances remodeling and hence reorientation of the collagen fibers in a longitudinal manner.[7]
- Prevention of adhesion formation
- As friction massage causes a transverse movement of the collagen fibers, it helps in preventing adhesion formation. In situations where adhesions are already formed a more intense friction can help to break them as well. In such cases friction is used to mobilize the scar tissue and break the cross linkages between the connective tissues and the surrounding structures.[8]
- Traumatic hyperaemia
- As it is a forceful and deep movement it effectively causes increased blood flow to the local area of application through vasodilatation. This assists in removal of chemical irritants and allows the transportation of endogenous opiates, thus causing pain relief.
Indication[edit | edit source]
Deep friction massage is widely known for its use in the treatment of tendinopathies. The research shows that the effectiveness of the intervention is demonstrated when used in combination with other forms of therapy[9][10][11][12].
Contraindications[edit | edit source]
- Ossification and calcification of soft tissues
- Rheumatoid tendinous lesions
- Ulcers, blisters or psoriasis
- Bacterial infections
- Large haematomas in the area
- Bursitis
- Local sepsis
- Any local skin diseases
- Fragile or friable skin
Key Evidence[edit | edit source]
Although there is presently no definitive research relative to friction massage and connective tissue, there certainly have been many cases of patients treated by therapists with positive results. Additional rationale for using friction massage could well be the expansion of Stearn's connective tissue theory through the understanding of the anatomy, physiology, and repair process which exist. A discussion of relevant literature is presented so that a physiotherapist can achieve an understanding of connective tissue in order to effectively and appropriately use friction massage.[13][14]
The use of movement in the treatment of soft tissue injuries to muscle, ligament, and tendon is based upon the work of Stearn. She observed the fibroblastic activity in the healing of connective tissue as well as possible scar formation, as related to the effect of movement. Her conclusions were that fibrils form almost immediately and that external factors were responsible for the development of an orderly arrangement of the fibrils. Cyriax and Russell contend that "gentle passive movements do not detach fibrils from their proper formation at the healing breach, but prevent their continued adherence at abnormal sites.[13]
Resources[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Cyriax J. Textbook of orthopaedic medicine. 11th ed. London: Bailliere Tindall:1984
- ↑ Stasinopoulos D, Johnson MI. Cyriax physiotherapy for tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis. Br J Sports Med. 2004 Dec;38(6):675-7.
- ↑ Callaghan MJ. The role of massage in the management of the athlete: a review. Br J Sports Med. 1993 Mar;27(1):28-33.
- ↑ Chaves P, Simões D, Paço M, Pinho F, Duarte JA, Ribeiro F. Pressure Applied during Deep Friction Massage: Characterization and Relationship with Time of Onset of Analgesia. Applied Sciences. 2020 Jan;10(8):2705.
- ↑ Rivenburgh DW. Physical modalities in the treatment of tendon injuries. Clin Sports Med. 1992 Jul;11(3):645-59.
- ↑ De Bruijn R. Deep transverse friction: its analgesic effects. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1984;5:35-36
- ↑ Buckwalter JA. The effects of early motion on healing of musculoskeletal tissues. Hand Clin. 1996;12(1):13-24
- ↑ Walker H. Deep transverse frictions in ligament healing. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1984;6(2):89-94
- ↑ Joseph MF, Taft K, Moskva M, Denegar CR. Deep Friction Massage to Treat Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review of a Classic Treatment in the Face of a New Paradigm of Understanding. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2012; 21 (4): 343-353
- ↑ Ekici G, Özcan Ş, Öztürk BY, Öztürk B, Ekici B. Effects of deep friction massage and dry needling therapy on night pain and shoulder internal rotation in subacromial pain syndrome: 1-year follow up of a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Therapy And Rehabilitation. 2021 Feb 2;28(2):1-2.
- ↑ Moshrif A, Elwan M, Daifullah OS. Deep friction massage versus local steroid injection for treatment of plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial. Egyptian Rheumatology and Rehabilitation. 2020 Dec;47(1):1-5.
- ↑ Yi R, Bratchenko WW, Tan V. Deep Friction Massage Versus Steroid Injection in the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis. Hand (N Y). 2018 Jan;13(1):56-59.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Fernandez-Carnero J, Juan-Carlos MP. The immediate effect of ischemic compression technique and transverse friction massage on tenderness of active and latent myofascial trigger points: a pilot study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 2006;10:3–9
- ↑ Nagrale AV, Herd CR, Ganvir S, Ramteke G. Cyriax physiotherapy versus phonophoresis with supervised exercise in subjects with lateral epicondylalgia: a randomized clinical trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(3):171-8.
