Anterior Drawer of the Ankle: Difference between revisions
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'''Original Editor ''' - [[User:Staci Burns|Staci Burns]] | '''Original Editor ''' - [[User:Staci Burns|Staci Burns]] | ||
'''Lead Editors''' - [[User:Peter Vaes|Peter Vaes]]. | '''Lead Editors''' - [[User:Peter Vaes|Peter Vaes]]. | ||
'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} | '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} | ||
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== Purpose == | == Purpose == | ||
The purpose of this test was to determine whether ankle mechanical instability or hypermobility in the sagittal plane of the talocrural joint (or upper ankle joint) is present. | |||
== Technique == | == Technique == | ||
= | {{#ev:youtube|Z4rvAT3a7OY|300}}<ref>Clinically Relevant Technologies, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4rvAT3a7OY; Accessed May 2011</ref> | ||
The patient is supine, the ankle joint is in 20° of flexion, the heel is resting on the palm of the examiner's hand that is resting on the table. thereby stabilizing the calcaneus. The examiner then stabilises the tibia and fibula whilst drawing the calcaneus anteriorly observing the amount of anterior translation at the lateral aspect of the ankle and the change in end feel. The amount of anterior translation and the eventual weakening of the end feel, changing from hard ligamentous to weak elastic, is observed. An anterior translation greater than 1 cm compared to the healthy contralateral ankle and an evident weakening of the end feel are most indicative of a partial rupture or complete rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament. The test is graded on a 4-point scale. 0 represents no laxity and 3 represents gross laxity. | |||
== Evidence == | |||
Anterior drawer has [[Test Diagnostics|sensitivity]] of 86 percent and [[Test Diagnostics|specificity]] of 74 percent for a diagnostic test of 160 patients with an inversion ankle sprain when compared to an arthrogram.<ref name="van Dijk 1996">van Dijk CN, Lim LSL, Bossuyt PMM, Marti RK. Physical Examination is sufficient for the diagnosis of sprained ankles. J Bone Joint Surg. 1996; 78-B: 958-962.</ref> In a prospective, blinded, diagnostic-accuracy study, Croy et al. measured diagnostic accuracy of the anterior drawer test of the ankle in sixty-six subjects with a history of lateral ankle sprain. Using ultrasound imaging during performance of the anterior drawer test the talofibular interval was measured digitally.<ref name="Croy 2013" /><br>Sensitivity of the the anterior drawer test was 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58, 0.86) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.93) at the 2.3 mm or greater and 3.7 mm or greater reference standards, respectively. Specificity of the test was 0.38 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.56) and 0.40 (95% CI: 0.27, 0.56), respectively. Positive likelihood ratios were 1.2 and 1.4, whereas the negative likelihood ratios were 0.66 and 0.41, respectively.<ref name="Croy 2013">Croy T, Koppenhaver S, Saliba S, Hertel J. Anterior talocrural joint laxity: Diagnostic accuracy of the anterior drawer test of the ankle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013; 43(12): 911-9.</ref> The recent cross-sectional diagnostic study found out anterior drawer test to be a valuable method of identifying mechanical ankle instabilities<ref>Wenning M, Gehring D, Lange T, Fuerst-Meroth D, Streicher P, Schmal H, Gollhofer A. Clinical evaluation of manual stress testing, stress ultrasound and 3D stress MRI in chronic mechanical ankle instability. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2021 Dec;22(1):1-3.</ref>.<br> | |||
== Resources == | == Resources == | ||
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<references /><br> | <references /><br> | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Ankle - Assessment and Examination]] | ||
[[Category:Assessment]] | [[Category:Assessment]] | ||
[[Category:Special_Tests]] | [[Category:Special_Tests]] | ||
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[[Category:Athlete Assessment]] | [[Category:Athlete Assessment]] | ||
[[Category:Rehabilitation Foundations]] | [[Category:Rehabilitation Foundations]] | ||
[[Category:Ankle - Special Tests]] | |||
Latest revision as of 14:58, 1 April 2021
Original Editor - Staci Burns
Lead Editors - Peter Vaes.
Top Contributors - Admin, Kim Jackson, Jennifer Chew, Evan Thomas, Rachael Lowe, Peter Vaes, Laura Ritchie, Tony Lowe, Staci Burns, Kai A. Sigel, WikiSysop, Bram Van Steenbergen, Vidya Acharya, Claire Knott, Wanda van Niekerk and Dan Rhon
Purpose[edit | edit source]
The purpose of this test was to determine whether ankle mechanical instability or hypermobility in the sagittal plane of the talocrural joint (or upper ankle joint) is present.
Technique[edit | edit source]
The patient is supine, the ankle joint is in 20° of flexion, the heel is resting on the palm of the examiner's hand that is resting on the table. thereby stabilizing the calcaneus. The examiner then stabilises the tibia and fibula whilst drawing the calcaneus anteriorly observing the amount of anterior translation at the lateral aspect of the ankle and the change in end feel. The amount of anterior translation and the eventual weakening of the end feel, changing from hard ligamentous to weak elastic, is observed. An anterior translation greater than 1 cm compared to the healthy contralateral ankle and an evident weakening of the end feel are most indicative of a partial rupture or complete rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament. The test is graded on a 4-point scale. 0 represents no laxity and 3 represents gross laxity.
Evidence[edit | edit source]
Anterior drawer has sensitivity of 86 percent and specificity of 74 percent for a diagnostic test of 160 patients with an inversion ankle sprain when compared to an arthrogram.[2] In a prospective, blinded, diagnostic-accuracy study, Croy et al. measured diagnostic accuracy of the anterior drawer test of the ankle in sixty-six subjects with a history of lateral ankle sprain. Using ultrasound imaging during performance of the anterior drawer test the talofibular interval was measured digitally.[3]
Sensitivity of the the anterior drawer test was 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58, 0.86) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.93) at the 2.3 mm or greater and 3.7 mm or greater reference standards, respectively. Specificity of the test was 0.38 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.56) and 0.40 (95% CI: 0.27, 0.56), respectively. Positive likelihood ratios were 1.2 and 1.4, whereas the negative likelihood ratios were 0.66 and 0.41, respectively.[3] The recent cross-sectional diagnostic study found out anterior drawer test to be a valuable method of identifying mechanical ankle instabilities[4].
Resources[edit | edit source]
van Dijk et al 1996 Article - Discusses how sensitivity and specificity changes 5 days after injury vs examining within 48 hours.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Clinically Relevant Technologies, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4rvAT3a7OY; Accessed May 2011
- ↑ van Dijk CN, Lim LSL, Bossuyt PMM, Marti RK. Physical Examination is sufficient for the diagnosis of sprained ankles. J Bone Joint Surg. 1996; 78-B: 958-962.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Croy T, Koppenhaver S, Saliba S, Hertel J. Anterior talocrural joint laxity: Diagnostic accuracy of the anterior drawer test of the ankle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013; 43(12): 911-9.
- ↑ Wenning M, Gehring D, Lange T, Fuerst-Meroth D, Streicher P, Schmal H, Gollhofer A. Clinical evaluation of manual stress testing, stress ultrasound and 3D stress MRI in chronic mechanical ankle instability. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2021 Dec;22(1):1-3.
