Shoulder Bursitis: Difference between revisions

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== Definition  ==
== Introduction ==
[[Shoulder]] bursae refers to sacs surrounding the shoulder joint that are filled with [[Synovium & Synovial Fluid|synovial fluid]]. As with bursae in general, they facilitate movement and reduce friction at [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]-tendon and tendon-bone interfaces. Shoulder [[bursitis]] (inflammation of a bursa) is one of the leading causes of shoulder pain. It can lead to lost workdays and, in some cases, even disability. 


<br>Bursa is a sac that is filled with liquid that can be found between tissues (bone, skin, tendons and muscle). Because of that fluid the bursa can be used as a cushion that has the function to decrease the friction and the irritation between the tissues that move between each other.<ref name=":0">Conduah, Augustine H., and Champ L. Baker. "Clinical management of scapulothoracic bursitis and the snapping scapula." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 2.2 (2010): 147-155</ref> When the bursae is not irritated, joints move smoothly and painless. But when it becomes inflamed and swollen, we speak of a bursitis and you will experience pain during physical activity.  
The symptoms of bursitis vary by type and severity, but may include swelling, excessive warmth at the site, tenderness, pain and/or fever.


Depending on the type of shoulder bursitis, treatment may include activity modification, immobilization with a splint, icing, injections, aspiration of the bursa (removing fluid with a syringe), antibiotics or anti-inflammatory pain medication.<ref name=":10">radiopedia Shoulder Bursae Available;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/shoulder-bursae (accessed 13.4.2022)</ref><ref name=":11">John Hopkins Shoulder Bursitis Available:https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/shoulder-bursitis (accessed 13.4.2022)</ref>[[File:Shoulder-bursa-illustration-creative-commons-image.jpeg|thumb|1. Subacromial-subdeltoid bursa 2.Subscapular recess 3. Subcoracoid bursa 4. Coracoclavicular bursa 5. supraacromial bursa. 6 medial extension of subacromial-subdeltoid bursa |alt=|center|569x569px]]
== Clinically Relevant Anatomy  ==
== Clinically Relevant Anatomy  ==
[[File:Shoulder_bursa.jpg|alt=|right|Shoulder bursa]]
There are five main bursae around the shoulder. They include:


In the shoulder region, there are 6 bursae; the most of any single joint in the body. '''The major bursae in the shoulder are:'''
# [[Subacromial Pain Syndrome|Subacromial]]-subdeltoid (SASD) bursa
* Subscapular Bursa or the Scapulothoracic Bursa: between the tendon of the Subscapularis muscle and the shoulder joint capsule.
# Subscapular recess
* Subdeltoid Bursa: between the Deltoid muscle and the shoulder joint cavity.
# Subcoracoid bursa
* Subacromial Bursa: below the acromion process and above the greater tubercle of the humerus. It's function is to reduce friction in the space under the acromion. 
# Coracoclavicular bursa
* Subcoracoid Bursa: between the coracoid process of the scapula and the shoulder joint capsule.
# Supra-acromial bursa
The subacromial and the subdeltoid bursa are often taken as a single bursa, the subacromial deltoid bursa.<ref name=":2">Hitzrot, James Morley. "Surgical diseases of the shoulder bursae." Annals of surgery 98.2 (1933): 273.</ref>


'''Other bursae are:'''
Sometimes authors include a 6th bursal space which is the
* Infraspinatus Bursa: between the infraspinatus tendon and the capsule of the joint.
* Subcutaneous Acromial Bursa: is located above the acromion just beneath the skin.
The superior limits of the bursae are the coraco-acromial ligament, acromion bone and the Deltoid. While the inferior limits are the humeral head, the shoulder joint and the Supraspinatus.<ref name=":0" /><br>The bursae do have a nerve supply, for instance the Subacromial Bursae has Suprascapular and Axillary nerve endings.<ref name=":1">Chang, Won Hyuk, et al. "Comparison of the therapeutic effects of intramuscular subscapularis and scapulothoracic bursa injections in patients with scapular pain: a randomized controlled trial." Rheumatology international34.9 (2014): 1203-1209</ref> Nociceptors such as free nerve endings would give information about painful stimulation and inflammatory responses to the brain. But also mechanoreceptors in the bursae of the shoulder are capable of giving propioceptive information of shoulder joint position.<ref name=":4">Hsieh, Lin-Fen, et al. "Is ultrasound-guided injection more effective in chronic subacromial bursitis?." Medicine and science in sports and exercise 45.12 (2013): 2205-2213.</ref> This shows that bursae don’t strictly function as a lubricator between tissues. <br><br>


&nbsp;<br>  
6. Medial extension of subacromial-subdeltoid bursa<ref name=":10" /><br>[[Neurone|Nerve]] Supply: There is a nerve supply to bursa. eg The Subacromial Bursae has Suprascapular and Axillary nerve endings with [[Nociception|nociceptors]] such as free nerve endings giving information about painful stimulation and [[Inflammation Acute and Chronic|inflammatory]] responses to the brain<ref name=":1">Chang, Won Hyuk, et al. "Comparison of the therapeutic effects of intramuscular subscapularis and scapulothoracic bursa injections in patients with scapular pain: a randomized controlled trial." Rheumatology international34.9 (2014): 1203-1209</ref>. Also mechanoreceptors in the bursae of the shoulder are capable of giving [[Proprioception|proprioceptive]] information of shoulder joint position.<ref name=":4">Hsieh, Lin-Fen, et al. "Is ultrasound-guided injection more effective in chronic subacromial bursitis?." Medicine and science in sports and exercise 45.12 (2013): 2205-2213.</ref> This shows that bursae don’t strictly function as a lubricator between tissues.


[[Image:Shoulder bursa 2.jpg]][[Image:Shoulder bursa.jpg]]
== Etiology ==
There are several ways to develop bursitis, but the condition is usually caused by too much stress on the bursa. In general, however, bursal irritation can be roughly divided into three groups.  


== Epidemiology /  Etiology  ==
# Chronic bursitis: most common and develops over time due to repetitive irritation of the bursa. At risk people include those who have [[gout]], pseudogout, [[diabetes]], [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthritis]], uremia, and other conditions.
Bursitis could be classified as Aseptic or Septic. If bursitis resulted from bacterial infection then it is considered septic.
# Infected bursitis: in this type, the bursa becomes infected with [[Bacterial Infections|bacteria]]. If the infection spreads, it can cause serious problems.
 
# Traumatic bursitis (or acute traumatic bursitis): Due to an accident, the bursa could become irritated and inflamed<ref name=":11" />.
'''<br>There are several factors that could be related to Bursitis: <ref>Van Alfen N, Van Engelen B, Van Der Tas P, Walravens C, onderzoek en behandeling van de schouder, Bohn stafleu van Loghum,2007</ref><ref>H. B. Skinner, Current Diagnosis &amp; treatment in orthopaedics, the McGraw-Hills companies, 2008.</ref>'''
* Trauma: Due to an accident, the bursa could become irritated and inflamed.
* Inflamed joint: When the whole joint is inflamed, the bursa can become inflamed as well as other structures. i.e. arthritis, [[gout]].
* Overload: the repetition of a certain motion too often can lead to the inflammation of the bursa because of the friction between the bursa on the one hand and another structure on the other hand. This can be a tendon, bone, a ligament, …<br>
'''Other factors<ref name=":3">Walker‐Bone, Karen, et al. "Prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb in the general population." Arthritis Care &amp; Research 51.4 (2004): 642-651.</ref>:'''
* Chronic irritation
* Trauma
* Involved with the inflammatory response of rheumatoid arthritis
* Upper extremity muscle weakness
* Overuse of the adjacent shoulder
* Degeneration of muscle tendons
* Calcium deposition
* Adjacent inflammation of the Supraspinatus tendon
* Glenohumeral instability (excessive movement of the joint)
* Degeneration of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint
* Tears of the surrounding rotator cuff
* Impingement by the coraco-acromial ligament
* Coracoid impingement
* Impingement on the posterosuperior aspect of the glenoid
Bursitis could also be related to some professional activities (e.g. painter, …), although, this is not always the case in shoulder bursitis. <br>Bursitis often develops secondary to injury, impingement, overuse of the muscle, or calcium deposits.  
== Characteristics / Clinical Presentation  ==
== Characteristics / Clinical Presentation  ==
Bursitis is typically identified by localized pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area. Bursitis of the shoulder presentations include:


Bursitis of the shoulder occurs commonly in people over 30 years old with a greater incidence in females. Younger and middle-aged patients are much more likely to experience acute bursitis than older patients with chronic rotator cuff syndrome.<ref>J. Willis Hurst, Douglas C. Morris, Chest pain, Futura publishing company, 2001.</ref><br>No significant difference of incidence was found between men and women specific for subacromial bursitis.<ref name=":3" />
* Younger and middle-aged patients are much more likely to experience acute bursitis than older patients with chronic rotator cuff syndrome.<ref>J. Willis Hurst, Douglas C. Morris, Chest pain, Futura publishing company, 2001.</ref>
 
* Shoulder bursitis is often accompanied by tendinitis of tendons adjacent to the affected bursa in the shoulder.
Subacromial Bursitis typically presents with lateral or anterior shoulder pain. Patients only occasionally report a single macro traumatic event leading to persisting pain. Overhead lifting or reaching activities become uncomfortable, and the pain is often worse at night; interrupting sleep.  
* Subacromial Bursitis typically presents with lateral or anterior shoulder pain. Overhead lifting or reaching activities become uncomfortable, and the pain is often worse at night; interrupting sleep.
 
* Activities of daily living, household tasks and hygiene may be affected, due to limited and painful overhead movements.
In a study focused on the treatment of subacromial bursitis they state that this type of bursitis has the presence of the following symptoms: 
* May have interrupted sleep patterns. Rolling over the affected shoulder during sleeping can cause pressure on the inflamed bursa increasing the pain..<ref>Salzman, Keith L., W. A. Lillegard, and J. D. Butcher. "Upper extremity bursitis." American family physician 56 (1997): 1797-1814</ref><ref name=":3">Walker‐Bone, Karen, et al. "Prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb in the general population." Arthritis Care &amp; Research 51.4 (2004): 642-651.</ref>
* shoulder pain and limitation of movement for longer than one month but less than one year (after one year it becomes chronic bursitis)
* Activities like contact sports are difficult to perform because may cause pain.
* the presence of pain in at least one activity (such as sleep, dress, work, grooming and sports) and at the end range of at least one ROM test (scapulothoracic tilting, scapulothoracic abduction, glenohumeral flexion, glenohumeral abduction, internal rotation, external rotation) with also a loss of 10 degrees or more in one or more of these tests.<ref>Downing, Deborah Swan, and Arthur Weinstein. "Ultrasound therapy of subacromial bursitis A double blind trial." Physical therapy 66.2 (1986): 194-199</ref>  
This 6 minute video outlines the differences in  bursitis, tendonitis and capsulitis.{{#ev:youtube |watch?v=cl6_dLlRQqc}}
 
Patient who suffer from Subacromial Bursitis should have a glenohumeral abduction greater than 45 degrees to distinguish from patients with established "frozen shoulders".  


The Subacromial bursitis pattern of symptoms may occur in relation to rotator cuff tears, an impingement syndrome, frozen shoulder, or a systemic inflammatory disorder such as polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA).<br>Scapulothoracic Bursitis results from the mechanical pressure and friction between the superior-medial angle of the scapula and the adjacent ribs. Pain and a “popping” sensation are typical complaints. Aggravating activities include repetitive movements such as working overhead, reaching up and forward, or doing pushups. Local tenderness and palpable crepitus are characteristic. An effusion or hemorrhage into the area may be seen on MRI.
== Treatment ==
The treatment depends on the type of bursitis.  


<br>Patients who suffer Subacromial, Deltoid or Subcoracoid Bursitis will experience painful shoulder movements, particularly during activities requiring abduction and extension.<br>The pain starts gradually, originating deep inside the shoulder and develops over a few weeks or months. The pain may refer to the outside of the shoulder towards the elbow.  
* Chronic bursitis is treated by a reduction in the activities that cause swelling. In addition use of anti-inflammatory medications (i.e., ibuprofen, Naprosyn, Celebrex, etc.) for a few weeks as well as icing two or three times per day for 20 to 30 minutes each time until the swelling is gone. Heat should not be used since it will increase the inflammation. Injection of steroids into the bursa may decrease the swelling and inflammation but can be associated with unwanted side effects (infection, skin atrophy, chronic pain). Injection of cortisone is best reserved for those bursae that do not get better with the treatment above. In addition, any bursa that might be infected should not be injected with cortisone.
* Infected bursitis requires immediate evaluation by the doctor. Aspirating the bursa may an option to reduce its size and for biopsy. Antibiotics are needed to kill bacteria. The true danger with this type of bursitis is the risk that bacteria can spread to the blood. As with the other types of bursal inflammation, ice, rest, and anti-inflammatory medications improve swelling and inflammation.
* Traumatic bursitis is normally treated by aspirating the bursa (i.e., using a small needle to draw fluid/blood from the affected bursa). Icing and NSAIDs (anti-inflammatory medications) help to reduce swelling<ref name=":11" />.  


<br>Activities of daily living, household tasks and hygiene may be affected, due to limited and painful overhead movements.
Physical therapy can be used to aid the recovery from bursitis, especially when it is accompanied by a frozen shoulder. See Physiotherapy treatment section.
 
Patients suffering shoulder bursitis may also have interrupted sleep patterns. Rolling over the affected shoulder during sleeping can cause pressure on the inflamed bursa increasing the pain. The pain depends on the degree of inflammation in the shoulder, the range of motion of patients with shoulder bursitis is increased and the shoulder muscles are weaker.<ref>Salzman, Keith L., W. A. Lillegard, and J. D. Butcher. "Upper extremity bursitis." American family physician 56 (1997): 1797-1814</ref><ref name=":3" /><br>Other activities like contact sports are difficult to perform because they can cause more pain. <br>
{{#ev:youtube |watch?v=cl6_dLlRQqc}}


== Differential Diagnosis  ==
== Differential Diagnosis  ==


Bursitis is frequently caused by another medical condition. For example, patients who suffer from subacromial bursitis, are likely to suffer from&nbsp;[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Adhesive_Capsulitis adhesive capsulitis], [[Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy|rotator cuff tendinopathy]], [[supraspinatus tendinopathy]] or [[Biceps Tendinopathy|bicipital tendinopathy]].<ref name=":3" />
Bursitis is frequently caused by another medical condition. For example, patients who suffer from subacromial bursitis, are likely to suffer from [[Subacromial Impingement|subacromial impingement]],&nbsp;[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Adhesive_Capsulitis adhesive capsulitis], [[Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy|rotator cuff tendinopathy]], [[Supraspinatus Tendinopathy]] or [[Biceps Tendinopathy|bicipital tendinopathy]].<ref name=":3" />
 
[[Speeds Test|Speed’s test]] is a special test to diagnose bursitis. In this test, the physician will ask the patient to extend the arm. The physician will then apply resistance while the patient performs an isometric flexion contraction. If the pain increases, the patient may be suffering from bursitis, although other rotator cuff injuries and tendinopathies can produce pain with this test. The physician can also let the patient perform [[Neers Test|Neer’s test]] to identify the occurrence of an impingement of the rotator cuff. But this test is also sensitive for subacromial bursitis.
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<ref>Speed's Test. Available from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-1sZbl5o2A</ref><ref>Neer's Impingement test. Available from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8-yLHQ_JaM</ref>
 
Therefore it is hard to distinguish whether a patient is suffering from bursitis, tendinitis or another injury that usually occurs when the bursa is inflamed. This makes it hard to determine the cause of bursitis when a patient seeks for medical help.
 
The [[Hawkins / Kennedy Impingement Test of the Shoulder|positive impingement]] test is another example of a diagnostic test, although it doesn’t exclude the other medical conditions that can be confused with bursitis.
 
To differentiate a bursitis from a Supraspinatus Tendinopathy, which are often confused, a therapist can perform a test to isolate the Supraspinatus muscle. The patient abducts the arms to 90 degrees with the elbows extended and the arms internally rotated. The arms are placed 30 degrees anteriorly (in the coronal plane), and the patient resists as the examiner forces the arms downward. This is often referred to as the "[[Empty Can Test|Empty Can]]" test.
{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=D933tO-Anao}}
 
<ref>Empty& Full Can Tests. AVAILABLE FROM:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D933tO-Anao&t=2s</ref>
 
Frozen shoulder is another medical condition which can be confused with bursitis. In this case, the symptoms can be differentiated with an easy test: if the patient cannot abduct the arm (glenohumeral abduction), this means the patient has a frozen shoulder. The downside of this test is that it can only exclude adhesive capsulitis but it does not necessarily confirm bursitis.<ref>Downing, Deborah Swan, and Arthur Weinstein. "Ultrasound therapy of subacromial bursitis A double blind trial." Physical therapy 66.2 (1986): 194-199</ref>
 
Capsular syndrome is excluded if the movement is restricted in lateral rotation, abduction and medial rotation and pain is presented on C5 dermatome.
 
<br>Another important diagnosis to exclude is [[Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders|Acromioclaviculair syndrome,]] in which the patient presents with horizontal abduction restriction. In addition to pain in the area of the acromioclavicular joint and/or C4 dermatome.
 
Patients with Bursitis and Tendinitis presentations have normal muscle power, while patients with Cuff tears can be distinguished by loss of power, pain in the C5 dermatome and Painful Arc during elevation.<br>Shoulder calcification, on the other hand, is associated with restriction of abduction and pain on the most cranio-lateral side of the shoulder<ref name=":1" />


== Diagnostic Procedures  ==
== Diagnostic Procedures  ==
[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Bursitis Bursitis] is typically identified by localized pain and/or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area. <ref name=":6">Lee JH, Lee SH, Song SH. Clinical effectiveness of botulinum toxin type B in the treatment of subacromial bursitis or shoulder impingement syndrome. Clinical journal Pain. 2011 Jul-Aug: 27 page 523 - 528</ref>


[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Bursitis Bursitis] is typically identified by localized pain and/or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area. X-ray testing can sometime detect calcification in the bursa when bursitis has been chronic or recurrent, with bursa fluid puncture is it possible to rule out infections.. While MRI scanning can be used to identify bursitis, but it is uncommonly used for the diagnosis<ref name=":6">Lee JH, Lee SH, Song SH. Clinical effectiveness of botulinum toxin type B in the treatment of subacromial bursitis or shoulder impingement syndrome. Clinical journal Pain. 2011 Jul-Aug: 27 page 523 - 528</ref>
X-ray testing can sometimes detect calcifications in the bursa when bursitis has been chronic or recurrent. MRI scanning (magnetic resonance imaging) can also define bursitis.<ref>medicine net Shoulder bursitis Available:https://www.medicinenet.com/shoulder_bursitis/article.htm (accessed 13.4.2022)</ref>
 
The Subacromial Deltoid bursa comes into conflict with the Acromioclavicular joint dysfunction. Positive painful arc ( pain between 60 and 120 degrees of abduction) indicates Subacromial Deltoid Bursitis.
 
To test the painful arc, patient stands up with arms alongside the body. then actively abduct the shoulder from 0° to 180°. Test is positive when the patient complains of pain between 60°-120° abduction. The pain results from compression of the Supraspinatus tendon and the Subacromial Bursa in the subacromial space which becomes narrower at this range. Beyond 120° the pressure on the bursa decreases and the pain is lessened. <ref>Lee S, Park J, Lee D. The Effects of Cervical Stabilization Exercises on the Electromyographic Activity of Shoulderstabilizers. Journal Of Physical Therapy Science, 2013 December: 12 page 1557 - 1660</ref><ref>Gardner E. The innervation of the shoulder joint. The Anatomical Record,1948:102 page 1-18.</ref>
 
{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=engHP9OA92U}}
<ref>Painful Arc Syndrome. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=engHP9OA92U</ref>
 
The Subcoracoid Bursa stands in relation with the anterior joint capsule. We speak of a Subcoracoid Bursa when the passive external rotation in 90 degrees of abduction is negative and the passive external rotation on 0 degrees is positive.  
 
A test for the Scapulothoracic Bursa focuses on the strength of the scapular muscles—including the Trapezius (upper, middle, and lower), Levator Scapula, Serratus Anterior, Latissimus Dorsi, Deltoids and Rotator Cuff muscles. A loss of muscle tone or an alteration of scapulothoracic rhythm may lead to increased friction between the medial border of the scapula and the rib cage, resulting in crepitus or snapping.<br>Snapping scapula is a painful crepitus of the scapulothoracic articulation. This crepitus is a grinding or snapping noise with scapulothoracic motion that may or may not accompany pain. This condition is commonly seen in overhead-throwing athletes. Treatment of patients with this syndrome begins with nonoperative methods; when nonoperative treatment fails, several surgical options exist.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
 
Shoulder bursitis commonly co-exists with different shoulder pathologies (see differential diagnosis), which can make it hard to diagnose. Torn tendons or ligaments can cause as well the irritated bursa.<br>Shoulder bursitis can be caused due a repeated minor trauma. This can be an overuse of the shoulder joint and muscles according to a more single significant trauma such as a fall for example.<ref name=":5">O. Dreeben-Irimia, introduction to physical therapy for physical therapist assistants, 2011, p 84-85.</ref><br> 


== Physical Examination  ==
== Physical Examination  ==
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Bursitis can often be diagnosed by clinical examination; by visual inspection it is possible to notice some redness and warmth, local tenderness or stiffness in the joint with some swelling when the inflammation is worse.  
Bursitis can often be diagnosed by clinical examination; by visual inspection it is possible to notice some redness and warmth, local tenderness or stiffness in the joint with some swelling when the inflammation is worse.  


Physical examination of the subacromial bursitis reveals a reduced active range of motion with decreased elevation, internal rotation and abduction, primarily because of pain. The most painful arc of motion is between 70 and 120 degrees of abduction. Tenderness is found laterally below the acromion, anteriorly at the insertion of the Supraspinatus tendon on the greater tuberosity and, occasionally, along the supraspinatus muscle belly beneath the trapezius.
Physical examination of the subacromial bursitis reveals a reduced active range of motion with decreased elevation, internal rotation and abduction, primarily because of pain. The most painful arc of motion is between 70 and 120 degrees of abduction. See [[Subacromial Pain Syndrome|subacromial pain sysndrome.]]
 
Strength testing may reveal weakness with internal and external rotation, a finding that demonstrates an important factor in the etiology of these injuries: functional instability due to rotator cuff weakness.<br>The impingement signs are usually positive. The Neer's sign is performed by forcibly forward flexing the internally rotated arm maximally above 90 degrees. The Hawkin's impingement sign refers to forced internal rotation of the arm performed during forward elevation to 90 degrees. Both tests are considered positive if they produce pain.<ref>Hardwick DH, Beebe JA, McDonnell MK, Lang CE. A comparison of serratus anterior muscle activation during a wall slide exercise and other traditional exercises. Journal of Orthopedic Sports Physical Therapy, 2006 December: 36(12) page 903 – 910.</ref>
{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=OYK5qL2om-c}}
<ref>Hawkin's Test. available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYK5qL2om-c</ref>
 
<br>The Compression test can also be used.  This test is positive if the patient experiences subacromial pain. It may also indicate Supraspinatus Tendinitis. It’s also an axis pressure test for the humerus.<ref>Ide K, Shirai Y, Ito H, Ito H. Sensory nerve supply in the human subacromial bursa. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 1996 September – October: 5 page 371 – 382.</ref><br><br>
{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=bxbluwK-IfM&pbjreload=10}}<ref>shoulder compression/rotation test. available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxbluwK-IfM</ref>
 
<br>The European Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery recommends using the [http://sechc.es/files/investigacion/hombro/test-score/the_walch_duplay_score_fid277.pdf Walch-Duplay score] which was inspired by the Rowe rating scale and takes into account both subjective and objective data (stability, pain, sport level recovery, mobility) to assess clinical outcome. The Walch-Duplay score is the most currently used score in Europe for the assessment of the patient undergoing shoulder stabilization surgery. However, it is not a self-administrated questionnaire.<br>The Walch-Duplay score (0 to 100 points) is composed of four items: activity, stability, pain and mobility. According to the Walch-Duplay score, results were classified as excellent (91 and 100 points), good (76 and 90 points), fair (51–75 points) or poor (under 50).<ref>Mamiko Noguchi, Jaclyn N. Chopp, Stephanie P. Borgs, Clark R. Dickerson. Scapular orientation following repetitive prone rowing: Implications for potential subacromial impingement mechanisms. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 2013 Decemeber: 23 page 1356 – 61</ref>
 
== Outcome Measures ==
== Outcome Measures ==
The [[Visual Analogue Scale]] is used to describe the pain after the joint is palpated by the physiotherapist.<br>The Disability in Arm, Shoulder and Hand-questionnaire <nowiki>''</nowiki>[http://www.physio-pedia.com/DASH_Outcome_Measure DASH-questionnaire]<nowiki>''</nowiki> is a 30-item questionnaire that looks at the ability of a patient to perform certain upper extremity activities. This questionnaire is a self-report questionnaire where patients can rate difficulty and interference with daily life on a 5 point Likert scale.
The [http://www.journalofphysiotherapy.com/article/S1836-9553(11)70045-5/fulltext Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI)] was made to measure shoulder pain and disability. The SPADI contains thirteen items: five of them question pain, eight of them measure disability. The second version of this questionnaire was established to make the tool easier, and the tests take less than 5 minutes to complete.
The [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Constant-Murley_Shoulder_Outcome_Score Constant-Murley score (CMS)] is a 100-points scale composed of a number of individual parameters. These parameters define the level of pain and the ability to carry out the normal daily activities of the patient. The Constant-Murley score was introduced to determine the functionality after the treatment of a shoulder injury. The test is divided into four subscales: pain (15 points), activities of daily living (20 points), strength (25 points) and range of motion: forward elevation, external rotation, abduction and internal rotation of the shoulder (40 points). The higher the score, the higher the quality of the function.
Another scale which we can be used is the [http://oppt.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ShoulderDisabilityQuestionnaire.pdf Shoulder Disability Questionnaire (SDQ)]. It contains 16 questions about daily life activities accompanied by shoulder pain. The scale includes questions on physical, social and emotional restrictions. Using this questionnaire, a functional status of symptoms (pain and / or restricted movement) in the shoulder region can be made.
The Simple Shoulder Test questionnaire (SST) is a 12-questions scale about the functioning of the shoulder which the patient must answer with yes or no. This test allows the clinician and  the patient to compare shoulder function before and after treatment.
== Medical Management  ==
A common treatment for bursitis is the use of injections with or without the use of ultrasound guidance or palpation. These injections could contain steroids or other analgesic substances. <br>One study examined the use and effectiveness of botulinum toxin type B in the treatment of Subacromial Bursitis and shoulder impingement syndrome. The conclusion was that botulinum type B can be a useful strategy and that it has a great potential for replacing steroids as a treatment for Subacromial Bursitis or shoulder impingement syndrome.<ref name=":6" />
Inflammation can also be treated with anti-inflammatory medications such as Motrin, Advil, Aleve, Celebrex, or one of many others. These all fall within the category of 'non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications.' Taken by mouth. These medications help with the inflammation of the tendons and bursa, and also help reduce the discomfort.<ref>Cluett J., Shoulder bursitis treatment, 2009</ref>
Since the appearance of bursitis is due to another medical condition, treating the cause of this bursitis should be the first step. But since the bursa is still painful, injection is often used to cure this pain. This injection can be in the bursa, or in the muscle itself. A recent study has shown that both methods reduce the pain, but there is no significant difference between the two methods<ref name=":1" />.
Injection could be either ultrasound-guided or palpation-guided. However, studies show that the ultrasound-guided injection is more precise to find the exact location of the bursa.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9">Chen, Max JL, et al. "Ultrasound-guided shoulder injections in the treatment of subacromial bursitis." American journal of physical medicine &amp; rehabilitation 85.1 (2006): 31-35.</ref><br>
<br>


[[Image:Bursa US guided injection.png]]  
* [[Visual Analogue Scale]]
* [http://www.physio-pedia.com/DASH_Outcome_Measure DASH-questionnaire]
* [http://www.journalofphysiotherapy.com/article/S1836-9553(11)70045-5/fulltext Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI)]
* [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Constant-Murley_Shoulder_Outcome_Score Constant-Murley score (CMS)]  
* [http://oppt.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ShoulderDisabilityQuestionnaire.pdf Shoulder Disability Questionnaire (SDQ)]  


== Physical Therapy Management  ==
== Physical Therapy Management  ==
Line 164: Line 79:
* RICE regime to reduce inflammation and treat pain
* RICE regime to reduce inflammation and treat pain
* Codman’s pendulum exercises and AAROM exercises to keep the joint in motion, prevent stiffness and speed recovery<ref name=":7">O. Dreeben, physical therapy clinical handbook, Jones and Barlett, 2008, p209-211.</ref>
* Codman’s pendulum exercises and AAROM exercises to keep the joint in motion, prevent stiffness and speed recovery<ref name=":7">O. Dreeben, physical therapy clinical handbook, Jones and Barlett, 2008, p209-211.</ref>
* [[Taping]] of the shoulder for pain relief and improved function
'''The aim of the therapy:'''  
'''The aim of the therapy:'''  


1) Reduce the symptoms<br>2) Minimize damage<br>3) Maintain Rotator Cuff motion and strength
1) Reduce the symptoms<br>2) Minimize damage<br>3) Maintain Rotator Cuff motion and strength


<br>Once the inflammation has been reduced, ultrasound therapy can be used to continue the healing process.<ref name=":8">Williams, bursitis of the shoulder, home therapy, 2001</ref>
Once the pain starts to diminish, the physiotherapist will set up an individualized shoulder strengthening and stretching exercise program.<ref name=":5">O. Dreeben-Irimia, introduction to physical therapy for physical therapist assistants, 2011, p 84-85.</ref> Chronic shoulder bursitis treatment should include: correction of postural and shoulder blade abnormalities, shoulder mobility exercises and rotator cuff and other shoulder muscle strengthening exercises.


The best initial approach for a Scapulothoracic bursitis is a nonoperative treatment plan that combines scapular strengthening, postural reeducation, and core strength endurance.
US-guided subacromial injection technique often gives improvements in passive shoulder abduction and in some items of the SF-36 and is a good adjunct to physiotherapy rehabilitation<ref>Hsieh LF, Hsu WC, Lin YJ, Wu SH, Chang KC, Chang HL. I[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23698243/ s ultrasound-guided injection more effective in chronic subacromial bursitis?]. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2013 Dec 1;45(12):2205-13. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23698243/<nowiki/>(accessed 13.4.2022)</ref>.
 
One study focusing examined the difference between one group treated with ultrasound-guided injection (UGI) and another group with ultrasound-guided injection and home exercise program (UGI-exercise) for 1 month the treatment of Subacromial Bursitis. Exercises included exercises for shoulder lowering with decoaptation that the patient must remember to reproduce during all the common daily activities. In addition to assisted active self-mobilization for the recovery of range of motion in all directions and isometric strengthening with elastic bands for Rotator Cuff muscles and Deltoid. Lastly, stretching in elevation, abduction and rotation performed statically by placing the patient-specific postures that allow the lengthening of the shortened muscles and the recovery of the last degrees of movement. The study concluded that ultrasound-guided injection combined with shoulder exercises in the treatment of Subacromial Bursitis is effective in relieving pain in the short and medium term.<ref>Gasparre, Giuseppe, et al. "Effectiveness of ultrasound-guided injections combined with shoulder exercises in the treatment of subacromial adhesive bursitis." Musculoskeletal surgery 96.1 (2012): 57-61.</ref><br><br>Once the pain starts to diminish, the physiotherapist will set up an individualized shoulder strengthening and stretching exercise program. Patients with shoulder bursitis can learn ways to move the shoulder in ways that will not reproduce inflammation.<ref name=":5" /><br>  


'''The following are exercises that can be implemented into the therapy program and built up progressively:'''
'''The following are exercises that can be implemented into the therapy program and built up progressively:'''
Line 181: Line 95:


'''Scapular wall slides:''' Stand in an upright position with your back against the wall. Raise your arms in 90 degrees abduction and flex your elbows to the 90 degree position as well. Your arms have to be pressed against the wall at all times. Make sure your handpalms are facing forward. Now you will abduct your arms as high as you can while extending the elbows at the same time. Do this slowly and go back to the starting position. Do 10 – 12 repititions.<ref name=":7" />
'''Scapular wall slides:''' Stand in an upright position with your back against the wall. Raise your arms in 90 degrees abduction and flex your elbows to the 90 degree position as well. Your arms have to be pressed against the wall at all times. Make sure your handpalms are facing forward. Now you will abduct your arms as high as you can while extending the elbows at the same time. Do this slowly and go back to the starting position. Do 10 – 12 repititions.<ref name=":7" />
{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=UB_n4DxOTCo}}<ref>Scapular Wall Slides. available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UB_n4DxOTCo&t=61s
</ref>


'''Upper Trap (UT) Stretch''': Sit on a table or chair and use the hand of the affected side to grip under the table, stabilizing the shoulder downward. With the opposite hand, pull the head to the opposite shoulder, maintaining your gaze forward and feeling a stretch in the upper trap muscle. Hold for 30 seconds and do 1-3 repetitions two times a day. <ref name=":8" />
'''Upper Trap (UT) Stretch''': Sit on a table or chair and use the hand of the affected side to grip under the table, stabilizing the shoulder downward. With the opposite hand, pull the head to the opposite shoulder, maintaining your gaze forward and feeling a stretch in the upper trap muscle. Hold for 30 seconds and do 1-3 repetitions two times a day. <ref name=":8">Williams, bursitis of the shoulder, home therapy, 2001</ref>
{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=-r0eoFS7_5Q}}<ref>Upper Trapezius Stretch - Ask Doctor Jo. available from:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-r0eoFS7_5Q
{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=-r0eoFS7_5Q}}<ref>Upper Trapezius Stretch - Ask Doctor Jo. available from:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-r0eoFS7_5Q
</ref>
</ref>
Line 192: Line 104:
</ref>
</ref>


'''Rowing (using a theraband):''' This is a good exercise to train the scapular stabilizing muscles.<ref name=":9" /><br>Sit in a chair as shown or stand. Anchor a theraband to a door or pole, making sure that the anchor point is around <br>chest level. Pull the theraband backwards most importantly pulling the shoulder blades together. Do two sets of 10-20 repetitions three times a week.   
'''Rowing (using a theraband):''' This is a good exercise to train the scapular stabilizing muscles.<ref name=":9">Chen, Max JL, et al. "Ultrasound-guided shoulder injections in the treatment of subacromial bursitis." American journal of physical medicine &amp; rehabilitation 85.1 (2006): 31-35.</ref><br>Sit in a chair as shown or stand. Anchor a theraband to a door or pole, making sure that the anchor point is around <br>chest level. Pull the theraband backwards most importantly pulling the shoulder blades together. Do two sets of 10-20 repetitions three times a week.   
{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=4g8NSz4crE0}}<ref>Thera Band Rows. available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4g8NSz4crE0
{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=4g8NSz4crE0}}<ref>Thera Band Rows. available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4g8NSz4crE0
</ref>
</ref>


'''Low Row Isometric:''' .<ref name=":0" />
'''Low Row Isometric:''' .<ref name=":0">Conduah, Augustine H., and Champ L. Baker. "Clinical management of scapulothoracic bursitis and the snapping scapula." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 2.2 (2010): 147-155</ref>
{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=y3KoUkInlMc}}<ref>isometric low row. available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3KoUkInlMc
{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=y3KoUkInlMc}}<ref>isometric low row. available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3KoUkInlMc
</ref>
</ref>


== Key Evidence  ==
== Summary ==
 
Gasparre, Giuseppe, et al. "Effectiveness of ultrasound-guided injections combined with shoulder exercises in the treatment of subacromial adhesive bursitis." Musculoskeletal surgery 96.1 (2012): 57-61. Level of evidence: 1B
 
== Resources  ==
 
'''Websites:'''
 
http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/understanding-bursitis-basics#1<br>http://www.medicinenet.com/shoulder_bursitis/patient-comments-763-page4.htm<br>http://www.orthopaedicscore.com/scorepages/disabilities_of_arm_shoulder_hand_score_dash.html<br>http://www.orthop.washington.edu/?q=patient-care/articles/shoulder/simple-shoulder-test.html<br>[http://www.err.eg.net/articles/2014/41/4/images/EgyptRheumatolRehabil_2014_41_4_172_147360_t4.jpg www.err.eg.net/articles/2014/41/4/images/EgyptRheumatolRehabil_2014_41_4_172_147360_t4.jpg]<br>http://www.orthopaedicscore.com/scorepages/constant_shoulder_score.html<br>http://www.drplace.com/Upper_extremity_bursitis.16.23039.htm 
 
'''Book:'''
 
Moore, et al. Clinical oriented anatomy, 2014, 7th edition
 
== Clinical Bottom Line ==
Shoulder bursitis is a common cause of shoulder pain. This bursitis is in most cases caused by an overload, trauma, an inflamed joint or elder age as it lays between different structures such as muscles, bones or other structures. Since it is mostly caused by another pathology nearby, it is very difficult to differentiate these many shoulder pathologies. Pain, decreased range of motion, loss of strength and loss of functionality are the main complaints of the patients. There is evidence using ultrasound guided-injection in combination with physical therapy reduces pain and are beneficial for the recovery.  
Shoulder bursitis is a common cause of shoulder pain. This bursitis is in most cases caused by an overload, trauma, an inflamed joint or elder age as it lays between different structures such as muscles, bones or other structures. Since it is mostly caused by another pathology nearby, it is very difficult to differentiate these many shoulder pathologies. Pain, decreased range of motion, loss of strength and loss of functionality are the main complaints of the patients. There is evidence using ultrasound guided-injection in combination with physical therapy reduces pain and are beneficial for the recovery.  


== References  ==
== References  ==
[[Category:Sports_Injuries]]  
<references />
[[Category:Shoulder_Conditions]]  
[[Category:Shoulder]]
[[Category:Conditions]]
 
[[Category:Shoulder - Conditions]]  
[[Category:Primary Contact]]
[[Category:Primary Contact]]
<references />
[[Category:Sports Medicine]]
[[Category:Sports Medicine]]
[[Category:Sports_Injuries]]
[[Category:Bursitis]]

Latest revision as of 06:13, 13 April 2022

Original Editor - Willem Vanderpooten

Top Contributors - Matthias Proost, Dries Meeusen, Lucinda hampton, Vanderpooten Willem, Mariam Hashem, Fasuba Ayobami, Rachael Lowe, Naomi O'Reilly, Kim Jackson, Admin, Wanda van Niekerk, Venus Pagare, Claire Knott and Bouzarpour Faryân

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Shoulder bursae refers to sacs surrounding the shoulder joint that are filled with synovial fluid. As with bursae in general, they facilitate movement and reduce friction at tendon-tendon and tendon-bone interfaces. Shoulder bursitis (inflammation of a bursa) is one of the leading causes of shoulder pain. It can lead to lost workdays and, in some cases, even disability.

The symptoms of bursitis vary by type and severity, but may include swelling, excessive warmth at the site, tenderness, pain and/or fever.

Depending on the type of shoulder bursitis, treatment may include activity modification, immobilization with a splint, icing, injections, aspiration of the bursa (removing fluid with a syringe), antibiotics or anti-inflammatory pain medication.[1][2]

1. Subacromial-subdeltoid bursa 2.Subscapular recess 3. Subcoracoid bursa 4. Coracoclavicular bursa 5. supraacromial bursa. 6 medial extension of subacromial-subdeltoid bursa

Clinically Relevant Anatomy[edit | edit source]

There are five main bursae around the shoulder. They include:

  1. Subacromial-subdeltoid (SASD) bursa
  2. Subscapular recess
  3. Subcoracoid bursa
  4. Coracoclavicular bursa
  5. Supra-acromial bursa

Sometimes authors include a 6th bursal space which is the

6. Medial extension of subacromial-subdeltoid bursa[1]
Nerve Supply: There is a nerve supply to bursa. eg The Subacromial Bursae has Suprascapular and Axillary nerve endings with nociceptors such as free nerve endings giving information about painful stimulation and inflammatory responses to the brain[3]. Also mechanoreceptors in the bursae of the shoulder are capable of giving proprioceptive information of shoulder joint position.[4] This shows that bursae don’t strictly function as a lubricator between tissues.

Etiology[edit | edit source]

There are several ways to develop bursitis, but the condition is usually caused by too much stress on the bursa. In general, however, bursal irritation can be roughly divided into three groups.

  1. Chronic bursitis: most common and develops over time due to repetitive irritation of the bursa. At risk people include those who have gout, pseudogout, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, uremia, and other conditions.
  2. Infected bursitis: in this type, the bursa becomes infected with bacteria. If the infection spreads, it can cause serious problems.
  3. Traumatic bursitis (or acute traumatic bursitis): Due to an accident, the bursa could become irritated and inflamed[2].

Characteristics / Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]

Bursitis is typically identified by localized pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area. Bursitis of the shoulder presentations include:

  • Younger and middle-aged patients are much more likely to experience acute bursitis than older patients with chronic rotator cuff syndrome.[5]
  • Shoulder bursitis is often accompanied by tendinitis of tendons adjacent to the affected bursa in the shoulder.
  • Subacromial Bursitis typically presents with lateral or anterior shoulder pain. Overhead lifting or reaching activities become uncomfortable, and the pain is often worse at night; interrupting sleep.
  • Activities of daily living, household tasks and hygiene may be affected, due to limited and painful overhead movements.
  • May have interrupted sleep patterns. Rolling over the affected shoulder during sleeping can cause pressure on the inflamed bursa increasing the pain..[6][7]
  • Activities like contact sports are difficult to perform because may cause pain.

This 6 minute video outlines the differences in bursitis, tendonitis and capsulitis.

Treatment[edit | edit source]

The treatment depends on the type of bursitis.

  • Chronic bursitis is treated by a reduction in the activities that cause swelling. In addition use of anti-inflammatory medications (i.e., ibuprofen, Naprosyn, Celebrex, etc.) for a few weeks as well as icing two or three times per day for 20 to 30 minutes each time until the swelling is gone. Heat should not be used since it will increase the inflammation. Injection of steroids into the bursa may decrease the swelling and inflammation but can be associated with unwanted side effects (infection, skin atrophy, chronic pain). Injection of cortisone is best reserved for those bursae that do not get better with the treatment above. In addition, any bursa that might be infected should not be injected with cortisone.
  • Infected bursitis requires immediate evaluation by the doctor. Aspirating the bursa may an option to reduce its size and for biopsy. Antibiotics are needed to kill bacteria. The true danger with this type of bursitis is the risk that bacteria can spread to the blood. As with the other types of bursal inflammation, ice, rest, and anti-inflammatory medications improve swelling and inflammation.
  • Traumatic bursitis is normally treated by aspirating the bursa (i.e., using a small needle to draw fluid/blood from the affected bursa). Icing and NSAIDs (anti-inflammatory medications) help to reduce swelling[2].

Physical therapy can be used to aid the recovery from bursitis, especially when it is accompanied by a frozen shoulder. See Physiotherapy treatment section.

Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Bursitis is frequently caused by another medical condition. For example, patients who suffer from subacromial bursitis, are likely to suffer from subacromial impingement, adhesive capsulitis, rotator cuff tendinopathy, Supraspinatus Tendinopathy or bicipital tendinopathy.[7]

Diagnostic Procedures[edit | edit source]

Bursitis is typically identified by localized pain and/or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area. [8]

X-ray testing can sometimes detect calcifications in the bursa when bursitis has been chronic or recurrent. MRI scanning (magnetic resonance imaging) can also define bursitis.[9]

Physical Examination[edit | edit source]

Bursitis can often be diagnosed by clinical examination; by visual inspection it is possible to notice some redness and warmth, local tenderness or stiffness in the joint with some swelling when the inflammation is worse.

Physical examination of the subacromial bursitis reveals a reduced active range of motion with decreased elevation, internal rotation and abduction, primarily because of pain. The most painful arc of motion is between 70 and 120 degrees of abduction. See subacromial pain sysndrome.

Outcome Measures[edit | edit source]

Physical Therapy Management[edit | edit source]

Treatment in the acute phase include:

  • Rest from all activity
  • RICE regime to reduce inflammation and treat pain
  • Codman’s pendulum exercises and AAROM exercises to keep the joint in motion, prevent stiffness and speed recovery[10]
  • Taping of the shoulder for pain relief and improved function

The aim of the therapy:

1) Reduce the symptoms
2) Minimize damage
3) Maintain Rotator Cuff motion and strength

Once the pain starts to diminish, the physiotherapist will set up an individualized shoulder strengthening and stretching exercise program.[11] Chronic shoulder bursitis treatment should include: correction of postural and shoulder blade abnormalities, shoulder mobility exercises and rotator cuff and other shoulder muscle strengthening exercises.

US-guided subacromial injection technique often gives improvements in passive shoulder abduction and in some items of the SF-36 and is a good adjunct to physiotherapy rehabilitation[12].

The following are exercises that can be implemented into the therapy program and built up progressively:

Table Slides (Flexion): Start with your hand on a table (facing the table) on a towel as shown below, Stretch your arm forward on the table by sliding the towel. Feel a stretch under your arm. Do 20-30 repetitions. This exercise is modified for abduction as well.

[13]

Scapular wall slides: Stand in an upright position with your back against the wall. Raise your arms in 90 degrees abduction and flex your elbows to the 90 degree position as well. Your arms have to be pressed against the wall at all times. Make sure your handpalms are facing forward. Now you will abduct your arms as high as you can while extending the elbows at the same time. Do this slowly and go back to the starting position. Do 10 – 12 repititions.[10]

Upper Trap (UT) Stretch: Sit on a table or chair and use the hand of the affected side to grip under the table, stabilizing the shoulder downward. With the opposite hand, pull the head to the opposite shoulder, maintaining your gaze forward and feeling a stretch in the upper trap muscle. Hold for 30 seconds and do 1-3 repetitions two times a day. [14]

[15]

Open Book Stretch: Placed a rolled up towel on a mat table between the shoulder blades and lie flat on your back. Keep your arms folded together over the top of your body, with your hands together. Open your arms up, like you are simulating the opening of a book, feeling a stretch in the front of your shoulder. Hold for 30-60 seconds and do 1-3 repetitions two times a day.

[16]

Rowing (using a theraband): This is a good exercise to train the scapular stabilizing muscles.[17]
Sit in a chair as shown or stand. Anchor a theraband to a door or pole, making sure that the anchor point is around
chest level. Pull the theraband backwards most importantly pulling the shoulder blades together. Do two sets of 10-20 repetitions three times a week.

[18]

Low Row Isometric: .[19]

[20]

Summary[edit | edit source]

Shoulder bursitis is a common cause of shoulder pain. This bursitis is in most cases caused by an overload, trauma, an inflamed joint or elder age as it lays between different structures such as muscles, bones or other structures. Since it is mostly caused by another pathology nearby, it is very difficult to differentiate these many shoulder pathologies. Pain, decreased range of motion, loss of strength and loss of functionality are the main complaints of the patients. There is evidence using ultrasound guided-injection in combination with physical therapy reduces pain and are beneficial for the recovery.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 radiopedia Shoulder Bursae Available;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/shoulder-bursae (accessed 13.4.2022)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 John Hopkins Shoulder Bursitis Available:https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/shoulder-bursitis (accessed 13.4.2022)
  3. ↑ Chang, Won Hyuk, et al. "Comparison of the therapeutic effects of intramuscular subscapularis and scapulothoracic bursa injections in patients with scapular pain: a randomized controlled trial." Rheumatology international34.9 (2014): 1203-1209
  4. ↑ Hsieh, Lin-Fen, et al. "Is ultrasound-guided injection more effective in chronic subacromial bursitis?." Medicine and science in sports and exercise 45.12 (2013): 2205-2213.
  5. ↑ J. Willis Hurst, Douglas C. Morris, Chest pain, Futura publishing company, 2001.
  6. ↑ Salzman, Keith L., W. A. Lillegard, and J. D. Butcher. "Upper extremity bursitis." American family physician 56 (1997): 1797-1814
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Walker‐Bone, Karen, et al. "Prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb in the general population." Arthritis Care & Research 51.4 (2004): 642-651.
  8. ↑ Lee JH, Lee SH, Song SH. Clinical effectiveness of botulinum toxin type B in the treatment of subacromial bursitis or shoulder impingement syndrome. Clinical journal Pain. 2011 Jul-Aug: 27 page 523 - 528
  9. ↑ medicine net Shoulder bursitis Available:https://www.medicinenet.com/shoulder_bursitis/article.htm (accessed 13.4.2022)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 O. Dreeben, physical therapy clinical handbook, Jones and Barlett, 2008, p209-211.
  11. ↑ O. Dreeben-Irimia, introduction to physical therapy for physical therapist assistants, 2011, p 84-85.
  12. ↑ Hsieh LF, Hsu WC, Lin YJ, Wu SH, Chang KC, Chang HL. Is ultrasound-guided injection more effective in chronic subacromial bursitis?. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2013 Dec 1;45(12):2205-13. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23698243/(accessed 13.4.2022)
  13. ↑ Shoulder Flexion Table Slides - Ask Doctor Jo. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgsPQ1_5e0w
  14. ↑ Williams, bursitis of the shoulder, home therapy, 2001
  15. ↑ Upper Trapezius Stretch - Ask Doctor Jo. available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-r0eoFS7_5Q
  16. ↑ Open Book Reach Stretch. available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJNCJOFhVtI
  17. ↑ Chen, Max JL, et al. "Ultrasound-guided shoulder injections in the treatment of subacromial bursitis." American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 85.1 (2006): 31-35.
  18. ↑ Thera Band Rows. available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4g8NSz4crE0
  19. ↑ Conduah, Augustine H., and Champ L. Baker. "Clinical management of scapulothoracic bursitis and the snapping scapula." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 2.2 (2010): 147-155
  20. ↑ isometric low row. available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3KoUkInlMc
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