Medical Complications in Spinal Cord Injury: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 23:43, 16 October 2018
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Original Editor - George Prudden
Top Contributors - Naomi O'Reilly, Kim Jackson, Admin, George Prudden, Tarina van der Stockt, Rucha Gadgil and Vidya Acharya
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Spinal cord injury results not only in motor and sensory deficits but also in autonomic dysfunctions as a result of the disruption between higher brain centers and the spinal cord. Autonomic dysfunction can include compromised cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, thermoregulatory, and sexual activities.
Autonomic Dysfunction[edit | edit source]
Neurogenic Shock[edit | edit source]
Autonomic Dysreflexia[edit | edit source]
Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a life threatening condition and is considered a medical emergency that requires immediate intervention. AD occurs most often in individuals with spinal cord lesions above the T6 spinal cord level. AD is also seen in multiple sclerosis.
AD is the result of overstimulation of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. It is characterized the sudden onset of severe high blood pressure known as paroxysmal hypertension. This manifests itself as throbbing headaches, profuse sweating, nasal stuffiness, flushing of the skin above the level of the lesion, slow heart rate, anxiety, and sometimes cognitive impairment.[1]
Temperature Regulation[edit | edit source]
Respiratory Dysfunction[edit | edit source]
Impaired respiratory function is common following SCI. Typical respiratory complications following SCI include hypoventilation, atelectasis, secretion retention and pneumonia. Respiratory function of people with SCI is primarily determined by neurological level. Paralysis or partial paralysis of key muscles has a marked impact on respiratory function.
Cardiovascular Dysfunction[edit | edit source]
Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism[edit | edit source]
Orthostatic Hypotension[edit | edit source]
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction[edit | edit source]
Paralytic Ileus[edit | edit source]
Neurogenic Bowel[edit | edit source]
Upper Motor Neuron Bowel Syndrome
Lower Motor Neuron Bowel Syndrome
Urological Dysfunction[edit | edit source]
Neurogenic Bladder[edit | edit source]
Hypereflexia of Detrusor and Sphincter
Areflexia of Detrusor and Sphincter
Areflexia of Detrusor with Hyperreflexia of Sphincter
Hyperreflexia of Detrusor with Areflexia of Sphincter
Sexual Dysfunction[edit | edit source]
Fertility[edit | edit source]
Erectile Dysfunction[edit | edit source]
Bone Metabolism Dysfunction[edit | edit source]
Osteoporosis[edit | edit source]
Heterotrophic Ossification[edit | edit source]
Pressure Sores[edit | edit source]
Pain[edit | edit source]
Nociceptive[edit | edit source]
Neuropathic[edit | edit source]
Psychological[edit | edit source]
Depression[edit | edit source]
Anxiety[edit | edit source]
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Khastgir J, Drake MJ, Abrams P. Recognition and effective management of autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injuries. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2007 May;8(7):945–56.
