Wrist and Hand Osteoarthritis

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Clinically Relevant Anatomy and Epidemiology

                                                

                                                    

The wrist and hand are composed of 27 bones: 8 bones of the wrist, 5 metacarpals and 14 bones of the phalanges. In this degenerative disorder, the articular cartilage wears away, exposing the bones. Cartilage is an elastic connective tissue whose purpose is to allow for a smooth, gliding motion between joints¹.

                                

Incidence:
• Most common musculoskeletal disorder worldwide affecting the hands
• Age
   o  Incidence increases after 55 in women
   o  Rate of progression increases with age²
• Gender
   o  More common and more severe in women
      • Observed sex differences become evident after menopause³
   o  The typical locations of degeneration in patients with osteoarthritis are the distal and interphalangeal joints of the hand⁴
• Genetics
   o  Women
      • Gene mutations that code for collagen II may increase the risk of developing early OA
      • Role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types regarding the risk of OA remains much debated
• Handedness
   o  HOA mostly occurs on the dominant hand⁵

Prevalence:
• Continuing to increase as the majority of our population increases

Pathological Process

Osteoarthritis is a disorder of the entire synovial joint organ and involves more structures than articular cartilage. The tissue changes that occur in the hand and wrist are a result of imbalance between catabolic and anabolic repair activity². Current evidence states that the subchondral bone may be the primary etiologic agent in osteoarthritis and joint cartilage is simply the final target of the process. Periarticular bone changes occur very early in the development of OA and these changes can be segregated into distinct patterns based on the anatomic location and pathogenic mechanisms⁶. There is a progressive increase in subchondral plate thickness, alterations in the architecture of subchondral trabecular bone, formation of new bone at joint margins (osteophytes), and development of sub chondral bone cysts. Once the pathology reaches the articular cartilage, the cartilage thins and the joint space narrows. This causes sclerosis of the subchondral bone due to the new mechanical load placed on the affected joint².

Clinical Presentation⁴

• Pain
• Swelling
• Stiffness, particularly in the mornings

Pain, swelling and stiffness primarily targeted to DIP, PIP, thumb base, index and middle MCP joints.

• Muscle weakness
• Difficulty gripping and twisting objects (doorknobs)
• Presence of Heberden (on distal IP joints) or Bouchard nodes (on proximal IP joints) or bony enlargements.
  * clinical hallmark*

                 

Diagnostic Procedures

• Diagnosis difficult to make due to the number of joints involved, the broad spectrum of severity and possible subsets of  criteria which may exist.

• Imaging:
  o   Radiographs (gold standard). Note joint space narrowing; osteophytes; subchondral bone: sclerosis, cysts, erosion⁴;
      • Kellgren-Lawrence grading allows a wide range of interpretations for each grade, reducing inter-observer reliability
      • Verbruggen and colleagues suggest an easy and reproducible scoring method, using numeric scores for radiographs⁵
  o MRI
  o Scintigraphy

Use of radiographs is the form of imaging most seen clinically.

• Laboratory markers such as rheumatoid factor (RF) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Blood tests are not required but recommended to exclude potential coexisting diseases⁴.

Risk Factors⁴:
• female gender
• increasing age over 40
• menopausal status
• family history
• obesity
• higher bone density
• greater forearm mm strength
• joint laxity
• prior hand injury
• occupational and recreation-related usage

Altman Diagnostic Criteria 1990 (Sn .92, Sp .98)⁷
• Presence of hand pain, aching, or stiffness plus
• hard tissue enlargement of at least 2 of 10 selected joints
• plus less than 3 swollen metacarpophalangeal joint
• plus either hard tissue enlargement of at least 2 distal interphalangeal
• joints or deformity of at least 1 of 10 selected joints

Outcome Measures^1,8

• Score for Assessment and quantification of Chronic Rheumatic Affections of the Hands (SACRAH)
• Functional Index for Osteoarthritis of the Hand (FIHOA)
• DASH/QuickDash

Management / Interventions

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Differential Diagnosis⁴

• psoriatic arthritis (one ray or just DIP joints targeted)
• rheumatoid arthritis (targets MCP, PIP, wrist joints)
• gout (elevated serum urate levels)
• hemochromatosis (targets MCP and wrist joints)
• Reiter’s arthritis

The diagnosis of hand and wrist osteoarthritis is based upon a combination of findings from the clinical manifestations, radiographic changes and laboratory tests, rather than a single criterion.

Key Evidence

Diagnosing hand osteoarthritis:
• Zhang W, Doherty M, Leeb BF, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of hand osteoarthritis: report of a task force of ESCISIT. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009; 68:8-17.

Conservative treatment for hand osteoarthritis:
• Valdes K, Marik T. A systematic review of conservative interventions for osteoarthritis of the hand. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2010; 23: 334–351.

• Walker MJ. Manual Physical Therapy Examination and Intervention of a Patient with Radial Wrist Pain: A Case Report. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2004; 34 (12): 761-769.

Resources

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Case Studies

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References

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