Triangles of the Neck: Difference between revisions

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== Description ==
== Description ==
{{#ev:youtube|CUvmlf3Wxng}} <ref>5MinuteSchool. TRIANGLES OF THE NECK ANATOMY MADE EASY - EXPLAINED in 3 MINUTES!! CERVICAL TRIANGLES. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUvmlf3Wxng [last accessed 05/11/2020]</ref>
The neck, as a geometric region, can be clinically divided using anatomical triangles. The [[Sternocleidomastoid|sternocleidomastoid muscle]] obliquely crosses the neck to form the division between the two major neck triangles: anterior triangle and posterior triangle. Both triangles are further divided into sub-triangles:  <ref name=":0">Kikuta S, Iwanaga J, Kusukawa J, Tubbs RS. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6624334/#:~:text=The%20three%20paired%20triangles%20are,triangle%20is%20the%20submental%20triangle. Triangles of the neck: a review with clinical/surgical applications. Anatomy & Cell Biology.] 2019 Jun 1;52(2):120-7.</ref><ref>Kohan EJ, Wirth GA. [https://www.plasticsurgery.theclinics.com/article/S0094-1298(13)00103-X/fulltext Anatomy of the neck.] Clinics in plastic surgery. 2014 Jan 1;41(1):1-6.</ref>
The neck, as a geometric region, can be clinically divided using anatomical triangles. The [[Sternocleidomastoid|sternocleidomastoid muscle]] obliquely crosses the neck to form the division between the two major neck triangles: anterior triangle and posterior triangle. Both triangles are further divided into sub-triangles:  <ref name=":0">Kikuta S, Iwanaga J, Kusukawa J, Tubbs RS. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6624334/#:~:text=The%20three%20paired%20triangles%20are,triangle%20is%20the%20submental%20triangle. Triangles of the neck: a review with clinical/surgical applications. Anatomy & Cell Biology.] 2019 Jun 1;52(2):120-7.</ref><ref>Kohan EJ, Wirth GA. [https://www.plasticsurgery.theclinics.com/article/S0094-1298(13)00103-X/fulltext Anatomy of the neck.] Clinics in plastic surgery. 2014 Jan 1;41(1):1-6.</ref>


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* inferiorly by the superior border of the clavicle
* inferiorly by the superior border of the clavicle
* posteriorly by the anterior margin of the trapezius muscle.  
* posteriorly by the anterior margin of the trapezius muscle.  
{{#ev:youtube|CUvmlf3Wxng}} <ref>5MinuteSchool. TRIANGLES OF THE NECK ANATOMY MADE EASY - EXPLAINED in 3 MINUTES!! CERVICAL TRIANGLES. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUvmlf3Wxng [last accessed 05/11/2020]</ref>
== Anterior Triangle ==
== Anterior Triangle ==
Borders:<ref name=":0" /><ref>Stathakios J, Carron MA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554398/#:~:text=Anterior%20Triangle,border%20of%20the%20sternocleidomastoid%20muscle. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Neck Triangle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Jul 31. StatPearls Publishing.</ref>
Borders:<ref name=":0" /><ref>Stathakios J, Carron MA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554398/#:~:text=Anterior%20Triangle,border%20of%20the%20sternocleidomastoid%20muscle. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Neck Triangle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Jul 31. StatPearls Publishing.</ref>
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Borders:<ref name=":0" /><ref>Casale J, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534833/#:~:text=The%20submandibular%20triangle%20is%20bounded,formed%20by%20the%20mylohyoid%20muscle. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Submandibular Triangle]. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2022. PMID: 30521254.</ref>
Borders:<ref name=":0" /><ref>Casale J, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534833/#:~:text=The%20submandibular%20triangle%20is%20bounded,formed%20by%20the%20mylohyoid%20muscle. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Submandibular Triangle]. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2022. PMID: 30521254.</ref>


* Superior border - inferior border of mandible
* Superior - inferior border of mandible
* Anterior border- anterior belly of digastric muscle
* Anterior - anterior belly of digastric muscle
* Posterior border- posterior belly of digastric muscle
* Posterior - posterior belly of digastric muscle
* Inferior border- hyoid bone
* Inferior - hyoid bone


Floor: mylohyoid muscle
Floor: mylohyoid muscle
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=== Muscular Triangle ===
=== Muscular Triangle ===
Borders:<ref name=":0" />
* Anterior- midline of neck
* Inferoposterior- anterior margin of the SCM
* Posterosuperior- superior belly of the omohyoid muscle
Contents:<ref name=":0" />
* Blood vessels: superior thyroid artery, anterior jugular and inferior thyroid veins
* Lymphatics: anterior cervical, infrahyoid, prelaryngeal, thyroid, pretracheal, paratracheal lymph nodes
* Muscles: thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid muscles
* Nerves: ansa cervicalis (C1-3)
* Organs: esophagus, trachea, thyroid gland, and the lower part of the larynx.
=== Submental Triangle ===
Borders:<ref name=":0" />
* Inferior - hyoid bone
* Lateral - anterior belly of digastric muscle
* Medial - midline of neck
Floor: mylohyoid muscle
Contents:<ref name=":0" />
* submental lymph nodes
* anterior jugular vein


== Posterior Triangle ==
== Posterior Triangle ==

Revision as of 17:00, 28 December 2022

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Description[edit | edit source]

[1]

The neck, as a geometric region, can be clinically divided using anatomical triangles. The sternocleidomastoid muscle obliquely crosses the neck to form the division between the two major neck triangles: anterior triangle and posterior triangle. Both triangles are further divided into sub-triangles: [2][3]

  1. Anterior Triangle
    • Digastric/Submandibular Triangle
    • Carotid Triangle
    • Muscular Triangle
    • Submental Triangle
  2. Posterior Triangle
    • Occipital Triangle
    • Subclavian/Supraclavicular


The neck is limited[2]:

  • superiorly by the inferior border of the mandible
  • anteriorly by midline of the neck
  • inferiorly by the superior border of the clavicle
  • posteriorly by the anterior margin of the trapezius muscle.

Anterior Triangle[edit | edit source]

Borders:[2][4]

  • Superior border - inferior border of mandible
  • Medial border- midline of neck
  • Lateral border- anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle


The Anterior Triangle has an apex that extends to the manubrium of sternum. It is made up of three paired triangles: submandibular (digastric), carotid, and muscular (omotracheal/infrahyoid) triangles, and one unpaired triangle: submental triangle.

Submandibular/Digastric Triangle[edit | edit source]

Borders:[2][5]

  • Superior - inferior border of mandible
  • Anterior - anterior belly of digastric muscle
  • Posterior - posterior belly of digastric muscle
  • Inferior - hyoid bone

Floor: mylohyoid muscle

Contents:[2]

  • Glands and lymphatics: submandibular gland and lymph nodes, lower pole of the parotid gland.
  • Blood vessels: facial, lingual and submental arteries and veins
  • Nerves: marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, nerve to the mylohyoid, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and the

Carotid Triangle[edit | edit source]

Borders:[2]

  • Superior - stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric muscles
  • Anterior - superior belly of omohyoid muscle
  • Posterior - anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle

Floor: hyoglossus, thyrohyoid, and inferior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles


Contents:[2]

  • Arteries: common carotid and its bifurcation into internal and external carotid arteries, superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, and ascending pharyngeal arteries
  • Veins: internal jugular, superior thyroid, lingual, facial, ascending pharyngeal, and occipital veins
  • Nerves: external and internal branches of the superior laryngeal nerve arising from the vagus nerve (CN X), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).

Muscular Triangle[edit | edit source]

Borders:[2]

  • Anterior- midline of neck
  • Inferoposterior- anterior margin of the SCM
  • Posterosuperior- superior belly of the omohyoid muscle


Contents:[2]

  • Blood vessels: superior thyroid artery, anterior jugular and inferior thyroid veins
  • Lymphatics: anterior cervical, infrahyoid, prelaryngeal, thyroid, pretracheal, paratracheal lymph nodes
  • Muscles: thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid muscles
  • Nerves: ansa cervicalis (C1-3)
  • Organs: esophagus, trachea, thyroid gland, and the lower part of the larynx.


Submental Triangle[edit | edit source]

Borders:[2]

  • Inferior - hyoid bone
  • Lateral - anterior belly of digastric muscle
  • Medial - midline of neck

Floor: mylohyoid muscle

Contents:[2]

  • submental lymph nodes
  • anterior jugular vein

Posterior Triangle[edit | edit source]

Occipital Triangle[edit | edit source]

Subclavian/Supraclavicular Triangle[edit | edit source]

Clinical Significance[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 5MinuteSchool. TRIANGLES OF THE NECK ANATOMY MADE EASY - EXPLAINED in 3 MINUTES!! CERVICAL TRIANGLES. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUvmlf3Wxng [last accessed 05/11/2020]
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Kikuta S, Iwanaga J, Kusukawa J, Tubbs RS. Triangles of the neck: a review with clinical/surgical applications. Anatomy & Cell Biology. 2019 Jun 1;52(2):120-7.
  3. ↑ Kohan EJ, Wirth GA. Anatomy of the neck. Clinics in plastic surgery. 2014 Jan 1;41(1):1-6.
  4. ↑ Stathakios J, Carron MA. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Neck Triangle. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Jul 31. StatPearls Publishing.
  5. ↑ Casale J, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Submandibular Triangle. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2022. PMID: 30521254.
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