Triangles of the Neck: Difference between revisions

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== Anterior Triangle ==
== Anterior Triangle ==
[[File:Neck_triangles.png|alt=|right|frameless]]
Borders:<ref name=":0" /><ref>Stathakios J, Carron MA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554398/#:~:text=Anterior%20Triangle,border%20of%20the%20sternocleidomastoid%20muscle. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Neck Triangle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Jul 31. StatPearls Publishing.</ref>
Borders:<ref name=":0" /><ref>Stathakios J, Carron MA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554398/#:~:text=Anterior%20Triangle,border%20of%20the%20sternocleidomastoid%20muscle. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Neck Triangle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Jul 31. StatPearls Publishing.</ref>


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=== Carotid Triangle ===
=== Carotid Triangle ===
Borders:<ref name=":0" />
* Superior - stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric muscles
* Anterior - superior belly of omohyoid muscle
* Posterior - anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
Floor: hyoglossus, thyrohyoid, and inferior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Contents:<ref name=":0" />
* Arteries: common carotid and its bifurcation into internal and external carotid arteries, superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, and ascending pharyngeal arteries
* Veins: internal jugular, superior thyroid, lingual, facial, ascending pharyngeal, and occipital veins
* Nerves: external and internal branches of the superior laryngeal nerve arising from the vagus nerve (CN X), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).


=== Muscular Triangle ===
=== Muscular Triangle ===

Revision as of 15:16, 28 December 2022

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Description[edit | edit source]

The neck, as a geometric region, can be clinically divided using anatomical triangles. The sternocleidomastoid muscle obliquely crosses the neck to form the division between the two major neck triangles: anterior triangle and posterior triangle. Both triangles are further divided into sub-triangles: [1][2]

  1. Anterior Triangle
    • Digastric/Submandibular Triangle
    • Carotid Triangle
    • Muscular Triangle
    • Submental Triangle
  2. Posterior Triangle
    • Occipital Triangle
    • Subclavian/Supraclavicular


The neck is limited[1]:

  • superiorly by the inferior border of the mandible
  • anteriorly by midline of the neck
  • inferiorly by the superior border of the clavicle
  • posteriorly by the anterior margin of the trapezius muscle.

[3]

Anterior Triangle[edit | edit source]

Borders:[1][4]

  • Superior border - inferior border of mandible
  • Medial border- midline of neck
  • Lateral border- anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle


The Anterior Triangle has an apex that extends to the manubrium of sternum. It is made up of three paired triangles: submandibular (digastric), carotid, and muscular (omotracheal/infrahyoid) triangles, and one unpaired triangle: submental triangle.

Submandibular/Digastric Triangle[edit | edit source]

Borders:[1][5]

  • Superior border - inferior border of mandible
  • Anterior border- anterior belly of digastric muscle
  • Posterior border- posterior belly of digastric muscle
  • Inferior border- hyoid bone

Floor: mylohyoid muscle

Contents:[1]

  • Glands and lymphatics: submandibular gland and lymph nodes, lower pole of the parotid gland.
  • Blood vessels: facial, lingual and submental arteries and veins
  • Nerves: marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, nerve to the mylohyoid, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and the

Carotid Triangle[edit | edit source]

Borders:[1]

  • Superior - stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric muscles
  • Anterior - superior belly of omohyoid muscle
  • Posterior - anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle

Floor: hyoglossus, thyrohyoid, and inferior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles


Contents:[1]

  • Arteries: common carotid and its bifurcation into internal and external carotid arteries, superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, and ascending pharyngeal arteries
  • Veins: internal jugular, superior thyroid, lingual, facial, ascending pharyngeal, and occipital veins
  • Nerves: external and internal branches of the superior laryngeal nerve arising from the vagus nerve (CN X), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).

Muscular Triangle[edit | edit source]

Posterior Triangle[edit | edit source]

Occipital Triangle[edit | edit source]

Subclavian/Supraclavicular Triangle[edit | edit source]

Clinical Significance[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Kikuta S, Iwanaga J, Kusukawa J, Tubbs RS. Triangles of the neck: a review with clinical/surgical applications. Anatomy & Cell Biology. 2019 Jun 1;52(2):120-7.
  2. ↑ Kohan EJ, Wirth GA. Anatomy of the neck. Clinics in plastic surgery. 2014 Jan 1;41(1):1-6.
  3. ↑ 5MinuteSchool. TRIANGLES OF THE NECK ANATOMY MADE EASY - EXPLAINED in 3 MINUTES!! CERVICAL TRIANGLES. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUvmlf3Wxng [last accessed 05/11/2020]
  4. ↑ Stathakios J, Carron MA. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Neck Triangle. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Jul 31. StatPearls Publishing.
  5. ↑ Casale J, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Submandibular Triangle. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2022. PMID: 30521254.
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